A vision transformer approach for fully automated and scalable dementia screening using clock drawing test images

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INTRODUCTION: The clock drawing test (CDT) screens for dementia but requires trained scorers and lacks standardized criteria. Thus, we developed an automated vision transformer (ViT)-based diagnostic system with convolutional neural network preprocessing for analyzing hand-drawn CDT images. METHODS: = 862; 522 dementia, 340 normal cognition). RESULTS: The ViT approach predicted dementia with 76.5% balanced accuracy, outperforming human-scored features (74.3%) and existing deep learning models (MiniVGG = 73.3%, MobileNetV2 = 72.3%, relevance factor variational autoencoder = 69.1%) on the TDRA dataset. DISCUSSION: This pen-and-paper compatible diagnostic system enables scalable remote cognitive screening through automated CDT image analysis that is competitive with human-scored features, potentially increasing diagnostic accessibility for diverse populations across varied socioeconomic contexts. HIGHLIGHTS: The vision transformer model achieves 76.5% accuracy in dementia detection from clock drawing tests, outperforming human scoring and existing deep learning methods.Novel convolutional neural network-based preprocessing automatically handles challenging image quality issues like shadows, irrelevant markings, and improper cropping.The system requires only a photo of a hand-drawn clock test, enabling scalable remote screening accessible across socioeconomic contexts.A feature-extraction model trained on 54,027 samples demonstrates robust generalization to an independent clinical dataset of 862 patients.This fully automated approach eliminates the need for trained scorers while maintaining diagnostic accuracy above manual methods.

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