Álvaro Dowling

Cross-Trait Integration of Fine-Mapped Signals From 30 Brain-Related Genome-Wide Association Studies Prioritizes DRD2 as a Pleiotropic Network Hub

Kenneth Blum, Alireza Sharafshah, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Morgan P. Lorio et autres

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Large-Scale Data Analysis of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Through GWAS Fine-Mapping and Systems Biology

Alireza Sharafshah, Colin Hanna, Kai‐Uwe Lewandrowski, Mark S. Gold et autres

Background/Objectives: Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a complex psychiatric condition with a strong polygenic and stress-related biological basis. Although Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have acknowledged abundant risk variants, translating these findings into biologically meaningful candidates remains challenging. This study introduces an integrative …

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Anterior and Endoscopic Cervical Spine Surgery: A Comprehensive Survey-Based Review of Current Indications and Practice Patterns

Kai‐Uwe Lewandrowski, Álvaro Dowling, Malcolm Pestonji, Óscar L. Alves et autres

This chapter presents a comprehensive, survey-based review of current indications, practice patterns, and surgeon perceptions regarding anterior cervical endoscopic spine surgery. By examining three key techniques—anterior transcorporeal cervical discectomy (ATCD), anterior cervical endoscopic discectomy (ACED), and full-endoscopic anterior cervical decompression and fusion …

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Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression: Defining its Scope and Limitations

Álvaro Dowling, Lee Jh, Kai‐Uwe Lewandrowski, Benedikt W. Burkhardt et autres

This chapter examines the expanding application of transforaminal endoscopic lumbar decompression (TELD) in spinal surgery, focusing on its effectiveness in managing foraminal and extraforaminal herniations and in alleviating painful conditions within the lateral lumbar spinal canal. TELD is distinguished by its superior …

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The Orphaned Innovation: Cost, Structural Barriers, and Global System Shifts Prompting Reimbursement Reform in Endoscopic Spine Surgery—Insights From 1.2 Million Cases

Kai‐Uwe Lewandrowski, Morgan P. Lorio, Herbert Núñez-Alfaro, Junseok Bae et autres

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic spine surgery (ESS) is increasingly recognized for its clinical efficacy and patient-centered advantages, including reduced morbidity and faster recovery. However, despite growing global interest, its adoption remains highly variable, shaped more by systemic, economic, and institutional forces than by technical …

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Transforaminal Endoscopic Lumbar Decompression: Defining Its Scope and Limitations

Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Álvaro Dowling, Jun Ho Lee, Benedikt W. Burkhardt et autres

Background Transforaminal endoscopic lumbar decompression (TELD) has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative for managing lumbar stenosis and disc herniations. While the literature consistently reports favorable outcomes, real-world adoption remains variable, with discrepancies often linked to surgeon experience and case complexity. Objective …

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Opioid-Induced Nodding-Not a Nice Nap.

Kenneth Blum, Alireza Sharafshah, Kyriaki Thanos, Frank Fornari et autres

Opioid-induced "nodding" is commonly misinterpreted as benign sleep but represents a high-risk state of fluctuating consciousness caused by drug-induced respiratory depression. This condition may lead to progressive hypoxia and hypercapnia without normal protective arousal. In the fentanyl era, nodding may reflect a …

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Can Psychedelics help with Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): For now, the data says no

Kenneth Blum, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski, Morgan P. Lorio, Alireza Sharafshah et autres

Aim: The aim of this perspective article is to evaluate the potential of Psychedelics in the management of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) vis-a-vis pre-existing therapeutic modalities and to elucidate practical directions for policy in AUD Addiction medicine, supported by scientific evidence, while …

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Reward Deficiency Syndrome (RDS): A Common Neurogenetic Trait/State of All Addictions: Is this the new DSM?

Kenneth Blum, Kai Uwe Lewandrowski, Morgan P. Lorio, Albert Pinhasov et autres

) panel was developed to estimate liability for RDS and "preaddiction." Notably, many conditions listed in DSM-5 share overlapping genetic polymorphisms, with frequent convergence on pathways involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission. Building on this framework, we propose a biphasic prevention and treatment strategy …

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Regenerative and Wellness Medicine: A Boon or Barrier to Surgical Innovation in Degenerative Spine Care?

Álvaro Dowling, Kai‐Uwe Lewandrowski, Morgan P. Lorio, Óscar L. Alves et autres

BACKGROUND: Regenerative and wellness medicine is rapidly reshaping health care, particularly in the management of degenerative spine conditions. Noninvasive or minimally invasive options such as stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, and holistic wellness programs are increasingly selected by patients who …

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Computational GWAS Meta Meta Analysis Revealing Cross Talk Between Cannabis CNR1 and DRD2 Receptors Optimizing Long-Term Outcomes for Cannabis Use Disorder (CUD) By Enhancing Dopamine Homeostasis Promoting High-Quality Cannabis Medicinals

Kenneth Blum, Alireza Sharafshah, Jag Khalsa, Kai-Uwe Lewandrowski et autres

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GLP-1 Agonists Can Be Heaven or Hell Dependent Upon Dopaminergic Genetic/Epigenetic Antecedents

Yatharth Mahajan, Shaurya Mahajan, Alireza Sharafshah, Keerthy Sunder et autres

Background: GLP‑1 receptor agonists (GLP‑1RAs) are effective for type 2 diabetes and obesity and engage central stress and reward pathways (HPA axis; mesolimbic dopamine). Psychiatric signals have been reported in some settings. Objective :To narratively synthesize evidence on neuropsychiatric effects of GLP‑1RAs—mood, …

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