Comparative effects of short- and long-distance sprint training on speed, change-of-direction ability, and intermittent aerobic endurance in collegiate basketball players

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Background This study compared the effects of short-distance sprint training (SST) and long-distance sprint training (LST), under matched total training volume, on sprint performance, change-of-direction (COD) performance and intermittent aerobic endurance in collegiate basketball players. Methods Thirty male collegiate basketball players were stratified by playing position before being randomly assigned to either the SST group (n = 15) or the LST group (n = 15). Both groups completed a 6-week sprint training intervention twice weekly. Before and after the intervention assessments included sprint performance (5 m, 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprint tests), COD performance (505 test, T-test, and COD deficit (CODD)), and intermittent aerobic endurance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1)). Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was monitored throughout the intervention. Data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results A significant group × time interaction observed only for 5 m sprint performance ( F = 7.99, p = 0.022, η² p = 0.222). No significant interaction effects or group main effects were observed for the remaining sprint, COD, intermittent aerobic endurance, or RPE variables ( p > 0.05). However, significant time main effects were found for 10 m, 20 m, and 30 m sprint performance, 505 test, T-test, CODD, and Yo-Yo IR1 ( p < 0.05), indicating that both training protocols improved these outcomes over time. Although the SST group showed descriptively greater percentage improvements in 5 m and 10 m sprint performance, and the LST group demonstrated larger percentage improvements in 20 m and 30 m sprint performance, COD performance, and Yo-Yo IR1, these differences were not statistically significant. RPE responses were similar between groups throughout the intervention. Conclusions Under matched training volume conditions, both SST and LST effectively improved sprint, COD, and intermittent aerobic endurance performance after 6 weeks in male collegiate basketball players. SST elicited significantly greater improvements only in 5 m sprint performance, whereas both training protocols produced comparable improvements in the remaining outcomes. Our findings suggest that sprint distance is a meaningful programming variable that may shape basketball-specific physical adaptations. Clinical trial registration https://www.chictr.org.cn , identifier ChiCTR2600122073.

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