Estimating the contribution of coding mutations to autism

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Abstract De novo mutations in protein-coding regions are strongly associated with autism, and family-based sequencing studies have identified numerous genes that harbor excess mutations in probands. However, the aggregate contribution of this class of variation to autism remains unclear. Here, we model the distribution of de novo autosomal coding variant effect sizes in 38,680 autism trios to estimate fundamental features of de novo genetic architecture. We find that damaging de novo single-nucleotide variants and frameshift indels explain 3.4% (95% CI: 2.1% - 4.7%) of autism variance on the observed scale. Approximately 7.0% (95% CI: 5.6% - 8.4%) of cases carry a large-effect mutation (rate ratio > 5), and most such mutations are incompletely penetrant. Although hundreds of genes make some nonzero contribution, 50% of mutational variance on the autosomes is explained by just 15 genes. De novo enrichments vary across cohorts with different ascertainment strategies; making projections for future trio studies, we show that many large-effect genes remain to be found.

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