NSUN6-mediated 5-methylcytosine modification of USP2-AS1 drives Wnt/β-catenin signaling in brain arteriovenous malformations

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Brain arteriovenous malformations (bAVMs) are high-risk vascular lesions prone to intracranial hemorrhage, with unclear upstream regulatory mechanisms. We integrated 5-methylcytosine (m 5 C) RNA methylation sequencing and transcriptomics in ruptured and unruptured bAVMs to identify differentially methylated non-coding RNAs. Functional validation was performed in human tissues, HUVECs, and zebrafish models. m 5 C profiling revealed global methylation remodeling in ruptured bAVMs, with enrichment of EndMT and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. USP2-AS1 emerged as a key lncRNA showing increased methylation and expression, predominantly in endothelial cells. In HUVECs, USP2-AS1 promoted EndMT-like changes and migration, while its knockdown had opposite effects. NSUN6 was identified as the primary methyltransferase mediating m 5 C modification of USP2-AS1. NSUN6-driven methylation enhanced endothelial plasticity in vitro and induced vascular abnormalities and hemorrhage in zebrafish. Mechanistically, USP2-AS1 activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which was essential for these effects and reversible by pathway inhibition. These findings identify a NSUN6–USP2-AS1–Wnt/β-catenin axis that drives endothelial dysfunction and bAVM rupture, suggesting potential therapeutic targets for vascular stabilization.

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