Spermidine, a chondrocyte apoptotic metabolite, delays osteoarthritis by regulating macrophage M2c polarization
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Le résumé fourni par la source
Chondrocyte apoptosis and synovial macrophage polarization represent two key pathological hallmarks of osteoarthritis (OA), but the interplay between them remains largely unknown. This study aimed to investigate the roles and mechanisms of the chondrocyte apoptotic secretome in mediating macrophage polarization during the pathological process of OA. In vitro cultures of chondrocytes and macrophages, along with an in vivo surgically induced OA mouse model, were used to evaluate the effect of the chondrocyte apoptotic secretome. Untargeted metabolomics, mitochondrial function assessment, and macrophage-specific AMPKα knockout mice were used to identify key metabolites and their regulatory mechanisms. A sustained-release delivery system for spermidine (SPD) was constructed using lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) and sodium hyaluronate. Apoptotic chondrocytes increased the secretion of SPD in the metabolite secretome. SPD acts as a signaling metabolite to increase AMPKα activation in macrophages, which in turn drives increased oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and improves mitochondrial function, ultimately promoting M2c macrophage polarization during OA. Exogenous supplementation with SPD via a ROS-responsive SH@LNP@SPD hydrogel alleviated OA progression by promoting M2c macrophage polarization in vivo. Furthermore, elevated SPD levels in synovial fluid correlated with milder clinical symptoms and less severe pathological features. Our findings underscore a significant protective role of chondrocyte apoptosis in early OA mediated through the secretion of SPD, which acts on macrophages. Mechanistically, SPD-induced enhancement of AMPKα activation and OXPHOS occurs specifically in macrophages, driving their beneficial M2c polarization. Synovial fluid SPD may hold diagnostic value for early-stage OA and strategies aimed at sustaining SPD levels may represent effective therapeutic approaches for OA.
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Le contrôle bibliographique ouvert
DOI retrouvé dans Crossref DOI retrouvé ; titre concordant.
- Titre Crossref
- Spermidine, a chondrocyte apoptotic metabolite, delays osteoarthritis by regulating macrophage M2c polarization
- Date Crossref
- 27/07/2026
- Éditeur
- Springer Science and Business Media LLC
- Type
- journal-article
Ce recoupement confirme des métadonnées liées au DOI. Il ne confirme ni la méthode ni les conclusions de l’étude, et il ne compte pas comme une seconde source scientifique indépendante.
Où se fait cette recherche
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Tongji University pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Shanghai Changzheng Hospital pays non établi dans la noticeÉtablissement de santé
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General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region pays non établi dans la noticeÉtablissement de santé
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Naval Medical Research Command pays non établi dans la noticeStructure de recherche
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School of Medicine Department of Orthopedic Trauma pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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Second Affiliated Hospital of Navy Medical University Department of Radiology pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
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The 968th Hospital of the Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA Department of Orthopedics pays non établi dans la noticeÉtablissement de santé
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General Hospital of Northern Theater Command Department of Orthopedics pays non établi dans la noticeÉtablissement de santé
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Naval Medical University Department of Orthopaedics pays non établi dans la noticeUniversité ou école supérieure
Tongji University, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital et General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, avec 6 autres affiliations.
Une affiliation ne permet pas de déduire la nationalité d’un auteur.