Regulation and Evolution of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Flame Synthesis: A Systematic Study of Solvent and Oxygen Concentration Effects

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Flame synthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles has garnered significant attention. This study employed diffusion flame to produce iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles. The effects of precursor solvents and oxygen concentrations on particle structure, morphology, size distribution, and lattice oxygen content were examined. A detailed evolution of Fe2O3 nanoparticles at central axial height was obtained through thermophoretic sampling method. The best crystallinity was achieved in the propyl propionate solvent at 60% oxygen concentration. Lattice oxygen content increased with oxygen concentration and stabilized at approximately 70%. The sizes of particles synthesized by propyl propionate aerosol flame were unevenly distributed, with small particles growing from 4.97 nm to 12.86 nm, while large particles decreasing from 197.73 nm to 87.52 nm as oxygen concentration increased. Neither lattice oxygen content nor the particle size distribution was significantly affected by the solvent. The evolution of gas-to-particle routes of Fe2O3 nanoparticles was clarified, while the structural evolution of Fe2O3 nanoparticles in the flame and the temperature variation of the flame were monitored. This research provides valuable insights into regulating metal oxide nanoparticle properties, laying a foundation for the controlled synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles with tailored characteristics via flame-based approaches.

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