Sustainable ex-situ cultivation of Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd using forest biomass: impacts on nutritional, chemical, and bioactive profiles compared to wild populations

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Abstract The controlled cultivation of Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, a medicinal mushroom with proven health benefits, represents a sustainable strategy for the development of reproducible functional ingredients from lignocellulosic biomass. This study evaluated the nutritional, chemical, and bioactive profiles of fruiting bodies cultivated in a controlled environment (CEA) using forest biomass-derived substrates, compared to logs collected in the wild. Fruiting was achieved in 68% of the inoculated logs after an average incubation period of 327.5 ± 41.2 days, resulting in a yield of 1.40 ± 1.03% and a biological efficiency (BE) of 2.79 ± 2.27%. Mushrooms cultivated in CEA exhibited significantly higher levels of protein (5.62%, fw), dietary fiber (50.6%, fw), and α-tocopherol (14.8 mg/100 g, dw) compared to wild samples, along with improved antioxidant activity (DPPH EC50: 535.01 µg/mL) and inhibition of oxidative hemolysis (OxHLIA EC50: 62.23 µg/mL). In contrast, wild specimens exhibited greater biochemical diversity, including higher levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids, organic acids (namely oxalic acid), and a broader phenolic profile, which correlated with stronger inhibition of lipid peroxidation (TBARS EC50: 90.94 µg/mL). Multivariate analysis revealed a clear metabolic differentiation between the cultivation systems, with the first principal component explaining 84.7% of the total variance. The use of chestnut logs from forests supports the principles of the circular bioeconomy, allowing for the sustainable valorization of woody biomass while simultaneously producing bioactive-rich mushrooms with a characterized composition. These findings position ex situ-grown T. versicolor as a scalable and sustainable source of characterized bioactives, supporting its application in the formulation of next-generation functional food ingredients.

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