Suppressing Blood-Cell Migration Lag via Dean-Cycle Phase Regulation Enables High-Purity CTC Enrichment in an Inertial Microfluidic Array

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Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are valuable liquid-biopsy biomarkers, yet their extreme rarity makes high-purity, high-throughput enrichment challenging. In spiral inertial microfluidics, high cell loading induces long-range hydrodynamic interactions that broaden the focused blood-cell stream; consequently, a subpopulation completes the ~0.5 and ~1.0 Dean-cycle migrations with a phase delay, compressing the CTC–blood cell gap and degrading purity. Here we propose a Dean-cycle phase-regulated double-spiral design informed by this phenomenon. This design aims to mitigate the stream-broadening effect by boosting the Dean number during the first half-cycle to promote synchronized blood-cell migration and shifting the CTC equilibrium position near one full cycle to further widen the CTC–blood cell separation. We implement this strategy in a second-generation double-spiral microfluidic chip (SDMC) and scale it to a four-channel parallel array (ASDMC). Under optimized conditions, ASDMC processes diluted whole blood (hematocrit = 4%) without the need for red blood cell (RBC) lysis or antibody labeling, achieving a sample throughput of 1200 μL·min−1. Specifically, it exhibits a mean recovery rate of 98.8% across three spiked tumor cell lines (MCF-7, PC-9, and Mahlavu) and a mean white blood cell (WBC) depletion efficiency of 93.3%. In a pilot clinical testing of 20 patients (NSCLC and HCC), enriched fractions enabled immunofluorescence identification of CK+CD45−DAPI+ CTCs, with an exploratory trend of increasing CTC counts with advanced disease stage (4–34 cells·mL−1). These results describe a scalable, label-free platform, and the observed purification performance aligns with our proposed mechanism: Dean-cycle phase regulation to mitigate blood-cell migration lag. Our findings support further technical validation and clinical assessment in larger cohorts.

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