Chemical composition and evaluation of antioxidant and insecticidal activities of smoke from Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves

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This study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant, and insecticidal properties of leaf smoke from Azadirachta indica (neem) extracted with n-hexane and methanol. GC-MS analysis revealed that the n-hexane-trapped extract was dominated by methyl hexadecanoate (64.27%) and methyl stearate (25.86%). The methanol-trapped extract primarily contained 3,5-di-butylphenol (30.01%), methyl hexadecanoate (13.22%), and 1,2:15,16-diepoxy hexadecane (8.10%). The methanol extract exhibited 19.65% antioxidant activity at 152.20 µg/mL, whereas the n-hexane extract showed negligible results. In insecticidal assays against cockroaches, both extracts displayed significant repellent activity, increasing from initial levels to 81.24% (n-hexane) and 100% (methanol) after 60 minutes. At a 10% concentration, the methanol and n-hexane extracts achieved 100% and 80% mortality, respectively. The methanol extract demonstrated superior efficacy with an LC50 of 6.40% and an LT50 of 4.60 h at the lowest concentration (1.25%). Conversely, the n-hexane extract was less potent, reaching an LT50 only at 35 h. These findings indicate that A. indica leaf smoke is a rich source of bioactive compounds and a promising candidate for the development of natural insecticidal agents. KEY WORDS: Antioxidant, Insecticidal, Azadirachta indica (neem) leaf, Repellent, Smoke Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2026, 40(6), 1309-1319. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v40i6.11

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