Global prevalences of erythropoiesis-associated micronutrient deficiencies (iron, folate, and vitamin B 12 ) among pregnant women: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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BACKGROUND: Deficiencies of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 micronutrients are considered a global public health issue. These deficiencies not only lead to anemia but are also linked to numerous short- and long-term health risks for both mothers and children. This study aimed to estimate the global prevalence of erythropoiesis-associated micronutrient deficiencies (iron, folate, and vitamin B12) in pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We systematically searched three databases, including PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, along with a manual search for observational studies published up to August 26, 2024. Data extraction was independently screened by two reviewers. Random-effects models were employed to pool data on prevalences of iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiencies among pregnant women. We identified 43 studies from 28 countries. RESULTS: Global pooled prevalences of single iron, folate, and vitamin B12 deficiencies were 28.4% (95% CI, 21.1-37%), 11.1% (95% CI, 3.9-27.5%), and 17.1% (95% CI, 8.8-30.6%), respectively. Pooled prevalences of double micronutrient deficiencies of iron or folate were 53.1% (95% CI, 49.8-56.5%) and 49.6% (95% CI, 46.2-53%), respectively; double micronutrient deficiencies of folate or vitamin B12 were 6.2% (95% CI, 1.2-25.8%) and 11.8% (95% CI, 3.3-34.1%), respectively. Pooled prevalences of triple micronutrient deficiencies of iron or folate or vitamin B12 were 36.1% (95% CI, 13.1-68%), 34.3% (95% CI, 16.9-57.3%), and 12.6% (95% CI, 7-74.8%), respectively. CONCLUSION: The findings highlight the high prevalences of erythropoiesis-related micronutrient deficiencies in pregnant women worldwide. Targeted interventions to mitigate these deficiencies during pregnancy.

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