The evolution of patient management in infectious and autoimmune diseases in the post-COVID-19 era

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Aim: To examine the changes implemented and emerging trends in managing patients with autoimmune and infectious neurologic pathology in the postCOVID-19 period, with focus on clinical and epidemiological experience. Materials and Methods: A systematic literature review was carried out following PRISMA criteria, using Google Scholar and PubMed databases. Keywords included: "neuromuscular diseases", "infectious disease", "multiple sclerosis", "autoimmune diseases", "telemedicine", "post-Covid-19 era". Articles published between 2023-2025 were considered; 369 articles were initially identified, of which 24 were included after screening titles and abstracts. Results: Telemedicine and telerehabilitation have become important complementary tools for patients with multiple sclerosis and other autoimmune diseases, although limitations remain in terms of access and technological literacy. The use of digital devices and digital biomarkers for monitoring is increasing, but further validation is needed. In infectious pathology, after easing restrictions there is a notable rise in the incidence of bacterial and viral meningitis, partly due to decreased vaccination coverage. For autoimmune disease patients, challenges include adapting immunosuppressive or biologic therapies after SARS-CoV-2 infection, and ensuring multidisciplinary care. Conclusions: Management of autoimmune and infectious pathologies in the post-COVID-19 era requires more flexible and personalized care models, strengthening digital infrastructure, epidemiological surveillance and vaccination programs, as well as integrating digital biomarkers and multidisciplinary teams for optimal patient outcomes.

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