Dual-locked targeted alpha-emitter enhanced tumor immunotherapy via Diels–Alder reaction-based self-immolative molecular cage strategy

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Abstract Background Targeted alpha therapy (TAT) has emerged as a promising strategy for cancer treatment by selectively delivering high linear energy transfer (LET) alpha-emitters to tumor cells while minimizing off-target toxicity. However, the clinical translation of alpha-emitters, particularly radium-223 ( 223 Ra), remains challenging due to inefficient targeted delivery and uncontrolled release of recoil daughter products, leading to systemic toxicity. Methods Herein, a dual-locked pretargeted strategy was developed integrating platinum IV (Pt IV )-loaded hydrogel nanoparticles (HNPs) (HAQ@HNPs) and 223 Ra-loaded HNPs ( 223 Ra@HNPs) into an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder (IEDDA)-activated drug delivery system. In vitro cytotoxicity, ROS, and apoptosis, together with in vivo biodistribution, imaging, and therapeutic studies, were performed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and immune activation. Results This caged dual-locked approach enables precise pretargeted accumulation at the tumor site, followed by rapid dissociation and controlled release of 223 Ra and Pt IV upon IEDDA-triggered activation, thereby ensuring high tumor specificity while minimizing systemic exposure. The synergistic combination of TAT and chemotherapy effectively disrupts redox homeostasis, induces immunogenic cell death (ICD), and elicits a robust antitumor immune response. Furthermore, when combined with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) blockade, this strategy significantly enhances systemic antitumor immunity, leading to robust inhibition of tumor growth and metastasis. Conclusions These findings underscore the potential of dual-locked pretargeted strategies to advance TAT by improving therapeutic efficacy and addressing the critical challenge of radionuclide leakage, paving the way for next-generation precision-targeted radiopharmaceuticals.

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