Maternal Fish Oil Intake and Early Childhood Allergic Rhinitis: cohort associations supported by a mouse model

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Maternal fish oil (FO) intake during pregnancy may reduce the risk of allergic rhinitis (AR) in offspring. This study integrated a human birth cohort ( n = 804) and a mouse model to explore this relationship and underlying mechanisms. Maternal FO intake during pregnancy was associated with lower odds of AR symptoms (OR 0.90, 95 % CI 0.82–0.97, p = 0.01) and of physician-diagnosed AR or symptoms combined (OR 0.91, 95 % CI 0.83–0.99, p = 0.03). Gut microbiota profiling revealed increased abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli . In mice, maternal FO intake suppressed House Dust Mite (HDM)-induced nasal inflammation, reduced IgE levels, and promoted expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. FO also reshaped gut microbial composition, suggesting an immunomodulatory role mediated via the microbiota. These findings indicate that maternal FO consumption may enhance immune tolerance and prevent early childhood AR. • Maternal fish-oil use in pregnancy is linked to lower rhinitis risk at 1–3 y. • Human cohort shows fewer symptoms and physician-diagnosed rhinitis among users. • Mouse model shows lower IgE, higher IL-10/TGF-β, and reshaped gut microbial composition. • Together, human and animal data support a microbiota-mediated association.

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