A Novel Integrated Approach: Plant-Mediated Synthesis, in vitro and in silico Evaluation of Silver Nanoparticles for Breast Cancer and Bacterial Therapies

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Background and Aim: Nanotechnology offers a promising approach to address breast cancer and bacterial resistance, two critical global health challenges. This study synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using extracts from Rhazya stricta ( R.S). Calotropis procera ( C.P) . and Calligonum comosum ( C.C) to evaluate their potential as novel therapeutic agents. Materials and Methods: AgNP synthesis was achieved via co-precipitation, and their characterization was performed using various techniques. Cytotoxicity was assessed using the MTT assay against multiple breast cancer cell lines (KAIMRC2, MDA-MB231, MCF-7) and a non-malignant control (MCF-10A). Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using a well diffusion assay against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli . LC-MS identified several bioactive metabolites, which were further analyzed in silico computational analysis to predict their anti-cancer and antibacterial properties. Results: The resulting AgNPs demonstrated significant cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells with minimal toxicity to normal cells, and potent antibacterial activity. Specifically, R.S .-AgNPs showed strongest activity against MDA-MB-231, C.P .-AgNPs against MCF-7, and C.C .-AgNPs against KAIMRC-2. Promising lead metabolites, including 1-Acetylaspidospermidine, Apigenin-7-o-glucoside, and Chlorogenic acid, were identified, suggesting potential for development as novel oral anti-cancer and antibacterial agents. Conclusion: Further research focusing on the optimization and preclinical development of these identified metabolites is warranted to explore their translational potential as oral anti-cancer and antibacterial agents. Keywords: nanomedicine, anti-cancer, bactericidal, Rhazya stricta , Calotropis procera , Calligonum comosum