Acute liver failure in patients admitted to the intensive care unit—a Viennese retrospective single-center analysis

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BACKGROUND: Acute liver failure (ALF) is characterized by a rapid deterioration of liver function and a high mortality without transplantation depending on etiology and onset. Immediate transfer to a dedicated intensive care unit (ICU) and evaluation for high-urgency liver transplantation (HU-LTx) is recommended to maximize chances of survival. Data on ALF epidemiology are limited, particularly for Central Europe. METHODS: This retrospective single-center study included all ALF patients admitted to the ICU of the Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology at the Vienna General Hospital between 2012 and 2024. RESULTS: Overall, 31 patients (median age of 44 [interquartile range, IQR 32-56] years, 20 [65%] female) were included. The primary causes of ALF were viral infections (n = 8; 26%), autoimmune hepatitis (n = 5; 16%), drug-induced liver injury (DILI; n = 3; 10%), and Wilson's disease (n = 4; 13%), while in 8 patients (26%) no cause was identified. Median length of ICU stay was 12 (IQR 4-21) days, with mean sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and simplified acute physiology score II (SAPS II) scores of 10.55 ± 4.56 and 40.97 ± 14.84. Overall ICU survival was 61% (n = 19). Non-HU-LTx patients (n = 18) had an ICU survival of 44%. HU-LTx was performed in 13 patients (42%), with 12 patients (92%) surviving 28 days. The 6‑month overall survival of HU-LTx patients was 85%. CONCLUSION: The diverse causes of ALF in Central Europe include most commonly viral infections, autoimmune hepatitis, and DILI. HU-LTx was required and performed in almost half of patients and was associated with favorable survival rates, underscoring the importance of ICU management and early transfer to liver transplantation centers in the management of ALF.

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