Elena Menegola

Hcn4-deficient zebrafish embryos develop a normal left‒right axis

Alberto Diana, Andrea Masseroni, Adèle Faucherre, Chris Jopling et autres

Background Left‒right (LR) asymmetry is a well-conserved feature of the Vertebrate body plan and is essential for the correct positioning and morphogenesis of visceral organs. While asymmetric Nodal signaling established by the LR organizer (LRO) is widely accepted as a core mechanism …

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Developmental toxicity and cytotoxic/genotoxic potential of PM10 rural extracts using Xenopus laevis embryos and A549 lung epithelial cells

Gloria Melzi, Maria Battistoni, Renato Bacchetta, Beatrice Biffi et autres

Airborne particulate matter is increasingly recognized as a hazard for developmental health. While epidemiological studies associate PM₁₀ prenatal exposure and adverse outcomes (including low birth weight and preterm birth), experimental evidence clarifying biological plausibility remains limited, especially for complex PM mixtures collected …

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Advancing animal welfare: A natural mating protocol for Xenopus laevis

Elena Menegola, Francesca Di Renzo, Renato Bacchetta, Maria Battistoni

The amphibian Xenopus laevis is an alternative animal model for developmental biology and toxicology. The Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay- Xenopus (FETAX) stands as a validated test for ecotoxicology and chemical hazard characterization. Conventionally, fertilized eggs are obtained through adult hormonal injection. In …

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A pragmatic workflow for human relevance assessment of toxicological pathways and associated new approach methodologies

Christina H. J. Veltman, Leo T.M. van der Ven, Elena Menegola, Mirjam Luijten

Currently, safety assessments of chemical substances are predominantly based on animal data. Multiple considerations call for the use of alternative testing strategies that are based on new approach methodologies (NAMs). However, the human relevance of these testing strategies is usually uncertain. This …

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Use of the alternative test R-FETAX (Refined-Frog Embryo Teratogenicity Assay-Xenopus) to evaluate the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD)

Maria Battistoni, Francesca Di Renzo, Francesca Metruccio, Renato Bacchetta et autres

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) refer to a range of conditions in children caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy, including morphological defects, developmental delays, and neurobehavioral impairments. Ethanol (EtOH) at high concentrations (1-3 % v/v) was shown to induce malformations and lethality …

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TLR7 expression patterns in mouse eye development and adult ocular tissues

Marco Rasile, Michele Sommariva, Elena Menegola, Francesca Di Renzo et autres

Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7) is recognized for its role in immune responses, particularly in detecting viral RNA. However, emerging evidence suggests that TLR7 may also contribute to ocular development. In this study, we assessed the expression pattern of TLR7 in various CD-1 …

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Retrospective cumulative dietary risk assessment of craniofacial alterations by residues of pesticides

Luc Mohimont, Chris J. Anagnostopoulos, Maria Anastassiadou, Anna Federica Castoldi et autres

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Evaluation of temperature- and ethanol-related developmental degree variations by a new scoring system (FETAX-score) applicable to Frog Embryo Teratogenicity Assay: Xenopus

Elena Menegola, Maria Battistoni, Renato Bacchetta, Francesca Metruccio et autres

The aim of the present work is to propose a new quantitative assessment method (FETAX-score) for determining the degree of Xenopus laevis embryo development intended for use in embryotoxicity studies. Inspired by a similar scoring system used to evaluate developmental delays (young-for-age …

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Effects of combined exposure to two bisphenol plasticizers (BPA and BPB) on Xenopus laevis development

Maria Battistoni, F. Metruccio, Francesca Di Renzo, A. Moretto et autres

Due to its endocrine disruptive activity, the plastic additive Bisphenol A (BPA) is classified as substance of very high concern (EU ECHA 2017). A correlation between environmental exposure to BPA and congenital defects has been described in humans and in experimental species …

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Teratogenic and neuro-behavioural toxic effects of bisphenol A (BPA) and B (BPB) on Xenopus laevis development

Francesca Metruccio, Maria Battistoni, Francesca Di Renzo, Renato Bacchetta et autres

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a plastic additive with endocrine disruptive activity, classified in 2017 by EU ECHA as substance of very high concern. A correlation between environmental exposure to BPA and congenital defects has been described in humans and in experimental species, …

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Advantages and disadvantages of the use of Xenopus laevis embryos and zebra fish as alternative methods to assess teratogens

Elena Menegola, Maria Battistoni, Francesca Metruccio, Francesca Di Renzo

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Immunostaining patterns reveal potential morphogenetic role of Toll-like receptors 4 and 7 in the development of mouse respiratory system, liver and pancreas

Michele Sommariva, Marco Busnelli, Elena Menegola, Francesca Di Renzo et autres

protein Toll, originally identified for its involvement in embryonic development. In mammals, TLRs are mainly known for their ability to recognize pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns and, consequently, to initiate the immune response. However, it is becoming clear that TLRs can play …

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