Stephen G. Warren

Dark Land Surfaces Allow for Refugia That Could Support Photosynthetic Life on the Surface of Snowball Earth

Greta E. M. Shum, Marysa M. Laguë, Abigail L. S. Swann, Cecilia Marie Bitz et autres

Abstract Photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events, indicating that liquid‐water refugia existed somewhere on the surface. We examine the potential for refugia at the coldest time of a snowball event, before CO 2 had risen and with high‐albedo ice …

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The influence of ocean waves on Antarctic sea-ice albedo and seasonal melting, and potential coupled physical and biological feedbacks

Robert A. Massom, Phillip Reid, Stephen G. Warren, Bonnie Light et autres

Identifying the full suite of processes that drive the melting of Antarctic sea ice each summer is crucial to improving the currently-poor ability of contemporary models to accurately simulate the climatological retreat phase of the annual sea-ice cycle. This is critical to …

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Simulations from: Dark land surfaces allow for refugia that could support photosynthetic life on the surface of Snowball Earth

Greta E. M. Shum, Marysa Laguë, Abigail L. S. Swann, Cecilia Bitz et autres

Photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events, indicating that liquid-water refugia existed somewhere on the surface. We examine the potential for refugia at the coldest time of a snowball event, before CO2 had risen and with high-albedo ice on the …

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Reply to Comment by Strawa et al. (2025) on Webster and Warren (2022): “Regional Geoengineering Using Tiny Glass Bubbles Would Accelerate the Loss of Arctic Sea Ice”

Stephen G. Warren, Melinda Anne Webster

Abstract Field et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018ef000820 ) had proposed spreading hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) over Arctic sea ice to increase its albedo. Webster and Warren (2022, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022ef002815 ) assessed that proposal with a radiative transfer model that used (a) HGMs with optical …

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The influence of ocean waves on Antarctic sea-ice albedo and seasonal melting, and physical-biological feedbacks

Robert A. Massom, Phillip Reid, Stephen G. Warren, Bonnie Light et autres

Abstract. Identifying the processes that drive the rapid climatological retreat phase of Antarctica’s annual sea-ice cycle is crucial to understanding, modelling and attributing observed trends and recent high variability in sea-ice extent, and to projecting future sea-ice conditions and impacts accurately. To …

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Dark land surfaces allow for habitable land that could support photosynthetic life on the surface of Snowball Earth

Greta E. M. Shum, Marysa M. Laguë, Abigail L. S. Swann, Cecilia Marie Bitz et autres

Photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events, indicating that liquid-water refugia existed somewhere on the surface. We examine the potential for refugia at the coldest time of a snowball event, before CO 2 had risen and with high-albedo ice on …

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Potential for photosynthesis on Mars within snow and ice

Aditya Khuller, Stephen G. Warren, Philip Russel Christensen, Gary D. Clow

Abstract On Earth, solar radiation can transmit down to multiple metres within ice, depending on its optical properties. Organisms within ice can harness energy from photosynthetically active radiation while being protected from damaging ultraviolet radiation. On Mars, the lack of an effective …

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Ocean bays surrounded by desert land could support photosynthetic life on Snowball Earth

Greta E. M. Shum, Marysa M. Laguë, Abigail L. S. Swann, Cecilia Marie Bitz et autres

Photosynthetic eukaryotic algae survived the Neoproterozoic Snowball Earth events, indicating that liquid-water refugia existed somewhere on the surface. We examine the potential for refugia at the coldest time of a snowball event, before CO 2 had risen and with high-albedo ice on …

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Clouds: Climatology

Ryan M. Eastman, Stephen G. Warren

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Snow spikes (penitentes) in the Dry Andes, but not on Europa: A defense of Lliboutry’s classic paper

Stephen G. Warren

There is a concern that in the low latitudes of Jupiter’s moon Europa, the ice surface has developed meter-scale bladed roughness, which would pose a hazard to a lander. That concern was inspired by the presence of such structures (“penitents”) on Earth’s …

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Regional Geoengineering Using Tiny Glass Bubbles Would Accelerate the Loss of Arctic Sea Ice

Melinda Anne Webster, Stephen G. Warren

Abstract Arctic sea ice might be preserved if its albedo could be increased. To this end, it has been proposed to spread hollow glass microspheres (HGMs) over the ice. We assess the radiative forcing that would result, by considering the areal coverages …

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Snow spikes (penitentes) in the dry Andes, but not on Europa: a defense of Lliboutry's classic paper

Stephen G. Warren

Abstract Tall, spiky snow structures ( penitentes ) occur high in subtropical mountains, in the form of blades oriented east-west and tilted toward the noontime sun. By trapping sunlight, they cause a reduction of albedo by ~0.3 relative to flat snow. The …

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