Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Colorectal Cancer among Patients in a Tertiary Care Cancer Centre: A Hospital-based Observational Study

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Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality related to cancer globally, with a rapidly increasing incidence in Asia due to urbanization and lifestyle changes. A hospital-based case-control A study was performed at the Erode Cancer Centre, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India to evaluate the sociodemographic and behavioral risk factors for colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: We recruited 63 histologically confirmed cases of colorectal cancer and 63 controls matched for age according to the established criteria. Demographic data were collected using standardized questionnaires and records, such as domicile, education, marital status, tobacco and alcohol consumption, dietary habits, consumption of fruits and vegetables, body mass index (BMI), physical activity and comorbidities (especially type 2 diabetes). Associations were evaluated using odds ratios (ORs) with A 95% confidence interval (CI) and a p-value of less than 0.05 were deemed statistically significant. Results: CRC was significantly associated with age >40 years (OR 315; 95% CI 18.74–5293.74; p<0.01) and urban living conditions (OR 7.09; 95% CI 2.89–12.40; p<0.01). The group had increased odds ratios for indicators possibly suggestive of socioeconomic or contextual factors such as literacy (OR 9.38; 2.56–146.40; p<0.01) and married status (OR 75.60; 28.14–203.05; p<0.01). Significant correlations were found for modifiable exposures: smoking (OR 353.80; 65.95-1900.34; p<0.01), regular high-fat/processed meat intake (OR 232; 61.87-871.66; p<0.01) and alcohol use (OR 2520; 133.04-47727.41; p<0.01). The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was significantly higher in cases (OR 291.45, 38.46–2208.47, p<0.01). The consumption of fruits and vegetables was not significantly correlated (OR 0.78; 0.37–1.65; p>0.05). The inverse association with high BMI categories was significant as compared to normal BMI (OR 0.24; 0.07–0.78; p<0.01). Many cells contained zeros and had irregular distributions leading to very large odds ratios with wide confidence intervals. Conclusions: In this South Indian population, the likelihood of colorectal carcinoma was significantly connected to age, urban residence, tobacco use, alcohol use, high fat and processed meat intake, and type 2 diabetes. The results for marital status, literacy and the inverse association with BMI probably reflect contextual factors and likely confounding variables, and should be interpreted with caution. Targeted, locally adapted prevention programs focusing on tobacco and alcohol regulation, dietary changes, diabetes management and earlier screening in urban populations are essential. These correlations need to be supported by thorough, updated research and contradictory results explained.

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