Ti₃C₂–Co₃(PO₄)₂ Nanocomposite with Antifungal, Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Activities and Short-Term Stability under Simulated Salivary Conditions

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Ti₃C₂–Co₃(PO₄)₂ nanocomposite was synthesized by a microwave-assisted method and evaluated for its physicochemical characteristics, antifungal, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory responses, cell viability and short-term stability under simulated salivary conditions. XRD, FTIR, XPS, TEM/HRTEM, SAED and UV–Vis DRS analyses supported the formation and physicochemical characteristics of the Ti₃C₂–Co₃(PO₄)₂ nanocomposite. Agar well diffusion and broth microdilution assays demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus flavus. At 1,000 µg/well, inhibition zones of 20 and 17 mm were obtained against C. albicans and A. flavus, respectively, compared with 23 and 21 mm for fluconazole. The corresponding MIC/MFC values were 62.5/125 µg/mL and 125/250 µg/mL. DPPH radical-scavenging activity increased from 14.33 ± 4.04% at 5 µg/mL to 90.00 ± 2.00% at 100 µg/mL, compared with 94 ± 2% for ascorbic acid. In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, NO inhibition reached 82 ± 3%, while TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and intracellular ROS levels decreased to approximately 22–30% of the control values. Cell viability remained above 80% in RAW 264.7 macrophages across the tested concentration range. After 48 h exposure to simulated saliva, weight retention ranged from 95 ± 1% to 100 ± 1% across pH 5.5–7.5, indicating short-term stability based on weight retention. Overall, the findings provide preliminary evidence of multifunctional biological activity and short-term physicochemical stability of Ti₃C₂–Co₃(PO₄)₂ under the tested conditions, supporting further investigation of the material for oral biomaterial applications.

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