Refined Composite Multivariate Multiscale Fuzzy Entropy of Multichannel sEMG During Functional Grasping in Transradial Upper-Limb Amputation
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Surface electromyography (sEMG) complexity provides insight into neuromuscular control and may reveal differences in motor coordination after upper-limb amputation. This study presents a protocol for quantifying scale-dependent, multichannel sEMG complexity during functional grasping using refined composite multivariate multiscale fuzzy entropy (RCmvMFE) with variance-based coarse-graining. sEMG signals recorded during 23 functional grasping movements (Exercise C) were obtained from the publicly available NinaPro database: 40 non-amputated control participants (DB2) and 9 individuals with transradial amputation (DB3). Twelve-channel recordings were analyzed in four configurations: all channels (ALL), the circumferential forearm electrode array (G1), electrodes over the flexor and extensor digitorum superficialis (G2), and electrodes over the biceps brachii and triceps brachii (G3). A complexity index (CI) was computed as the area under the entropy–scale curve (scales 1–10), and linear mixed-effects models with participant as a random effect examined the effects of group and movement. Movement significantly affected CI (ALL: F(22,1048) = 6.46, p < 0.001), with a significant group × movement interaction (F(22,1048) = 1.55, p = 0.049). Movement-level analyses of scale-resolved entropy showed that the amputation group had consistently higher complexity over electrodes on the flexor and extensor digitorum superficialis (G2), most pronounced at low scales (mean difference 0.0276, 95% CI [0.0191, 0.0361], p < 0.001), whereas complexity over the biceps and triceps brachii (G3) was lower at middle and high scales (high scales: −0.0150 [−0.0283, −0.0017], p = 0.029). These findings indicate that sEMG complexity differences after transradial amputation are movement-dependent, scale-dependent, and muscle-group-specific, supporting multiscale entropy analysis as a sensitive framework for characterizing neuromuscular adaptation.
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