Nipah virus vaccine development: current platforms, preclinical evidence, and clinical translation

Résumé fourni par la source

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic zoonotic member of the genus Henipavirus . Due to its high fatality rate and increasing evidence of human-to-human transmission, it remains a major global health concern. Since its first emergence during the Malaysian outbreak, NiV has caused repeated outbreaks across South and Southeast Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India. The absence of licensed vaccines or specific antiviral therapies has intensified the need for global efforts toward vaccine development and outbreak preparedness. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current status of NiV vaccine research, with emphasis on recent advances in vaccine platforms in preclinical and clinical trials. Relevant literature related to NiV epidemiology, viral pathogenesis, immunobiology, and vaccine development was comprehensively reviewed to summarize current knowledge and recent advances in vaccine development. Major vaccine approaches critically evaluated for their immunogenicity and protective response in this study include recombinant soluble glycoprotein subunit vaccines, viral-vectored vaccines, mRNA-based vaccines, DNA vaccines, virus-like particles, and nanoparticle-based systems. Recent advances in immunoinformatic-guided multi-epitope vaccine design and rapid-response vaccine manufacturing strategies were also assessed in the context of emerging pandemic preparedness initiatives such as Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) “100 Days Mission”. Current evidence indicates that several NiV vaccine candidates, like subunit, viral-vectored, and mRNA-based platforms, have progressed from experimental to early-phase clinical evaluation. However, the absence of validated immune correlates of protection, limited outbreak predictability, difficulties in conventional efficacy trials, and antigenic variability pose major challenges in outbreak-prone regions. Overall, continued advances in translational vaccinology, computational vaccine design, and global preparedness may accelerate the development of NiV vaccines.

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