Bio-derived nitrogen-doped graphene oxide for high performance energy storage: Synthesis strategies, structural engineering and electrochemical applications

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Abstract In order to enhance the functionality and sustainability of energy storage devices, a lot of research has been conducted on novel electrodes. As a result, graphene oxide (GO) has received considerable attention owing to its high specific surface area and adjustable nature. However, its limited conductive ability and reactive sites hinder its practical applications, therefore, nitrogen doping is reported as one of the useful strategies to improve the electrochemical performance of GO by tuning the electronic state and creating new reactive sites. The current review presents detailed advances of bio derived nitrogen-doped graphene oxide (N-GO) including synthetic techniques, structural modifications and potential electrochemical applications. Biomass sources such as agriculture residue, plants and marine organisms have been investigated as renewable carbon and nitrogen sources. Synthesis routes like hydrothermal process, thermal annealing, chemical activation, and plasma modification were discussed about their effect on nitrogen incorporation and material properties. Bio-based N-GO materials reported the higher specific surface areas, up to 1946 m 2 g -1 , with nitrogen content levels of ~8-12 at.%. These materials display excellent electrochemical properties, having specific capacitances ranging between 260-481 Fg -1 , energy densities as high as ~ 68 Wh kg -1 and excellent cycling stability, showing capacitance retention above 90-98%, after 10,000-20,000 cycles. The improvements in electrochemical performance can be linked to the better design of nitrogen sites (including pyridinic, pyrrolic, and graphitic nitrogens), hierarchical porosity and enhanced conductivity. Thus, bio-based N-GO can be regarded as a cost-effective and environmentally friendly material base with excellent performance characteristics suitable for the development of future generation supercapacitors and batteries.