Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Degradation of Recalcitrant Dye Pollutants Using Mangifera indica Seed Extract‐Mediated TiO 2 Nanoparticles

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ABSTRACT In this study, an aqueous seed extract of Mangifera indica was employed as a biogenic reducing and stabilizing agent for the green synthesis of TiO 2 nanoparticles (NPs). Structural and chemical characterization using XRD, XPS, and FTIR confirmed the successful formation of highly crystalline, phase‐pure TiO 2 NPs. Morphological analyses revealed the formation of nearly spherical nanocrystallites. UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy demonstrated a reduced optical band gap, indicating enhanced visible‐light absorption and improved photocatalytic activity. The photocatalytic performance of the synthesized TiO 2 NPs was evaluated through the degradation of brilliant cresyl blue (BCB) and methylene blue (MB) under visible‐light irradiation. Maximum degradation efficiencies of 87.36% for BCB (at pH 10) and 96.73% for MB (at pH 8) were achieved, together with efficient degradation in mixed‐dye systems. The degradation process followed pseudo‐first‐order kinetics, with apparent rate constants of 13.6 × 10 − 3 min − 1 for BCB and 17.5 × 10 − 3 min − 1 for MB. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) trapping experiments identified hydroxyl radicals (•OH) as the predominant oxidative species responsible for dye degradation. Furthermore, the photocatalyst exhibited excellent structural stability and reusability over four consecutive photocatalytic cycles, highlighting its potential as an efficient and sustainable photocatalyst for wastewater treatment and environmental remediation.

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