Mental Training Using Virtual Reality and Traditional Imagery on Competitive Readiness in the 400-Meter Race among Jadara University Students

Résumé fourni par la source

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of mental training using virtual reality compared with traditional mental imagery on competitive readiness in the 400-meter race among Jadara University students. The study adopted an experimental research design using a pre-test and post-test approach with two experimental and control groups. The study sample consisted of 50 male and female students enrolled in athletics courses at Jadara University. The participants were randomly assigned into two groups: the experimental (n = 25) received mental training using virtual reality, while control group (n = 25) underwent traditional mental imagery training. The training program was implemented over four weeks, with three training sessions per week, each lasting 50 minutes. A competitive psychological readiness scale was used to measure concentration, anxiety control, self-confidence, and mental preparedness for competition. The results revealed significant improvements in competitive readiness for both groups in the post-test compared to the pre-test. Statistically significant differences were found between the experimental and control groups in all dimensions of competitive readiness and 400-meter race performance, favoring the experimental group. The study concludes that integrating virtual reality technology into mental training programs can significantly enhance competitive readiness among university students and provides practical implications for sports training and physical education programs. Received: 16 March 2026 / Accepted: 06 July 2026 / Published: September 2026