High performance innovative graphene enabled E-shaped resonator biosensor using linear regression optimization for precise breast cancer detection and diagnostics applications

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This research presents a highly sensitive graphene-based surface plasmon resonance biosensor designed for efficient detection of breast cancer. An E-shaped graphene resonator integrated with a multilayer substrate is proposed to achieve strong light–matter interaction and effective detection. The sensor performance is systematically optimized by analyzing the effects of key geometrical parameters, including resonator length, width, height, substrate thickness, and angle of incidence. The results clearly give the highest sensitivity of 1430 nm/RIU for detecting breast cancer cells. The device exhibits strong sensitivity, enabling clear discrimination between normal and malignant tissue conditions. The highest value of 20.8 for the quality factor, and 11.9 RIU −1 for the figure of merit has been obtained. The high detection limit of 0.087 has been noted. Electrical tunability is further investigated through graphene chemical potential variation, revealing robust and stable optical response under different biasing conditions. Electric field distribution analysis confirms intense field localization at the resonator edges, which enhances sensing capability. Owing to its high sensitivity, compact geometry, and fabrication tolerance, the proposed graphene biosensor offers a promising platform for noninvasive, reliable, and early-stage breast cancer detection and other biomedical sensing applications.