Antihemolytic Activity, Bioactive Metabolites, and TEM‐1 β‐Lactamase Inhibition Potential of Fumaria parviflora Extract Against Blood‐Borne Extensively Drug‐Resistant Salmonella typhi : A First Study

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ABSTRACT In the present study, the aqueous leaf extract of Fumaria parviflora ( F. parviflora ) was evaluated against blaTEM‐1‐positive extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) Salmonella typhi ( S. typhi ) to identify bioactive compounds and investigate putative inhibitors of TEM‐1 β‐lactamase in XDR S. typhi . Blood samples ( n = 30) were collected from suspected typhoid patients. The blaTEM‐1‐positive S. typhi isolates were identified using biochemical and PCR‐based methods. A well‐diffusion assay and a 96‐well plate assay were used to check the antibacterial activity and hemolytic activity of F. parviflora , respectively. The bioactive compounds were identified by GC–MS analysis. In‐silico tools were used to explore putative inhibitors of TEM‐1 β‐lactamase of S. typhi . The F. parviflora leaf aqueous extract showed potential antibacterial activity against blaTEM‐1‐positive XDR S. typhi (23 ± 0.33 mm at 50 mg/mL), and significantly lower hemolytic activity ( p < 0.001; 9% ± 0.45% at 50 mg/mL). Fifteen compounds were identified; however, only two compounds, including bicyclo[10.1.0]tridec‐1‐ene and benzamide, 3‐trifluoromethyl‐N‐allyl‐ were reported for the first time in F. parviflora . Both compounds exhibited drug‐likeness characteristics and medicinal chemistry filters. Docking of bicyclo[10.1.0]tridec‐1‐ene formed multiple hydrogen bonds with TEM‐1 β‐lactamase of XDR S. typhi . The second compound, 3‐trifluoromethyl‐N‐allyl‐, formed hydrogen bonds with TEM‐1 β‐lactamase. Further characterization of the identified compounds will aid in exploring medicinal molecules against XDR S. typhi .

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