Perceived Barriers to Immunization and Effective Strategies for Improving Uptake among Parents and Caregivers in Yobe State, Nigeria

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Introduction: Immunisation as a public health intervention has proven to be one of the most effective methods of controlling and eliminating life-threatening infectious diseases that cause morbidity and mortality among infants and children. Despite its availability and effectiveness, many children remain unvaccinated and vulnerable to infectious diseases because of vaccine hesitancy and other barriers in many low-income countries. Thus, this study investigates barriers to immunisation among parents and caregivers and effective strategies for improving uptake and coverage in Yobe State, Nigeria. Method: A qualitative study comprising Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) was conducted with mothers, fathers, caregivers, religious and traditional leaders, health workers, Ward Development Committee members, and community influencers in six selected wards across three Local Government Areas in Yobe State, Nigeria. Participants were purposively selected to capture different perspectives on barriers to immunisation and to identify effective strategies for improving uptake and coverage in the study areas. Results: Barriers to immunisation identified in the study included fear of side effects, family opposition, transport and accessibility challenges, religious and cultural beliefs, long queues and waiting times, and health workers’ attitudes towards parents and caregivers. Community awareness and education, the involvement of traditional and religious leaders, immunisation defaulter tracking, the organisation of immunisation outreach services, and the provision of cash and non-cash incentives were the strategies found to be effective in improving coverage in the communities. Conclusion: Findings from the study show the need for government commitment to providing and upgrading health facilities in the communities. Collaboration among stakeholders, policymakers, and community leaders is also needed to educate parents and caregivers and raise awareness of the importance and benefits of immunisation.