Janus Structural-Color Readout in Asymmetric Sb2S3-Based Multilayers

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Abstract The integration of phase-change materials with micro/nanostructures provides an effective route to nonvolatile reconfigurable structural colors. However, most reported dynamic structural-color systems encode optical information primarily through material-state changes and are read from only one side. Here, we demonstrate a compact asymmetric Sb2S3-based multilayer that combines phase-state-dependent optical modulation with direction-dependent Janus readout within the same multilayer design. The multilayer consists of alternating TiO2/Al2O3 dielectric layers, a thin Sb2S3 phase-change film, and a partially reflecting Ag layer. Transfer-matrix modeling, colorimetric analysis, and differential-evolution optimization are employed to maximize the perceptual separation among four readout states defined by two illumination directions and two Sb2S3 phase states. The optimized two-pair design achieves a minimum pairwise color difference, ΔEmin, of 72.10 with an approximately 10 nm Sb2S3 layer and a total thickness below 300 nm. Measured spectra of the amorphous and crystalline samples reproduce the main spectral trends of the four readout conditions, supporting phase-state-dependent Janus structural-color readout. This strategy increases the number of accessible optical readout states in thin-film structural-color systems by combining the Sb2S3 phase state with bidirectional optical asymmetry.

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