MXene-integrated magnetic nanohybrids: Emerging catalysts for sustainable wastewater decontamination

Résumé fourni par la source

Conventional biological, coagulation and membrane processes are not effective in removing persistent dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, EDCs and metal ions as consistently as they are expected to, especially when at low concentrations or in complex matrices. MXenes are therefore increasingly integrated with magnetic nanoparticles, such as Fe₃O₄, γ-Fe₂O₃ and spinel ferrites, which impart magnetic responsiveness and can also feature redox-active sites for oxidant activation. Intrinsic activity is related to M/X composition, surface terminations, defects and oxidation state. The differences among photocatalysis, Fenton, photo-Fenton, electro-Fenton and persulfate/peroxymonosulfate activation are their energy input, oxidant source and possible radical and/or non-radical pathways. Mechanistic claims are considered to be experimentally supported only when consistent with evidence provided by EIS, photocurrent, PL/TRPL, band alignment, XPS, EPR and/or scavenger controls. The review also normalises reported results based on catalyst dose, pollutant concentration, reaction time and kinetic constants and emphasises the common lack of TOC/COD mineralisation, real-wastewater validation data, recovery mass balance data, leaching data, toxicity, cost and continuous-flow data. The resulting evidence centered framework reveals the potential and current challenges of magnetically retrievable MXene catalytic platforms.