Global burden of amphetamine, cannabis, cocaine and opioid use in 204 countries, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease Study
Jiseung Kang, Hyeon Jin Kim, Min Seo ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2115-7835 Kim, Jae Il Shin, Hasan Aalruz, Yohannes Abate, Nasir Abbas, Mohammadreza Abbasian, Samar Abd ElHafeez, Michael Abdelmasseh, Arash Abdollahi, Mohammad Abdollahi, Meriem Abdoun, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zúñiga, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun, Olumide Abiodun, Richard Gyan Aboagye, Dariush Abtahi, Ibrahim Jatau Abubakar, Bilyaminu Abubakar, Eman Abu-Gharbieh, Salahdein Aburuz, Ahmed Abu-Zaid, Mesafint Molla Adane, Isaac Yeboah Addo, Olumide Thomas Adeleke, Habeeb Omoponle Adewuyi, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa, Kishor Adhikari, Muhammad Sohail Afzal, Saira Afzal, Williams Agyemang‐Duah, Aqeel Ahmad, Sajjad Ahmad, Danish Ahmad, Ali Ahmadi, Syed Anees Ahmed, Haroon Ahmed, Muktar Beshir Ahmed, Ayman Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif Ahmed, Mohammed Ahmed Akkaif, Muaaz Alajlani, Rasmieh Al‐Amer, Mohammed Albashtawy, Wafa A. Aldhaleei, Abdelazeem M. Algammal, Fadwa Naji Alhalaiqa, Mohammed Usman Ali, Liaqat Ali, Syed Shujait Ali, Mohammad Daud Ali, Sheikh Mohammad Alif, Samah W. Al-Jabi, Ahmad Alrawashdeh, Rami H. Al-Rifai, Sahel Majed Alrousan, Najim Z. Alshahrani, Alaa B. Al-Tammemi, Yazan Al Thaher, Nelson Alvis-Guzman, Mohammad Al-Wardat, Yaser Mohammed Al-Worafi, Hany Aly, Karem H. Alzoubi, Walid A. Al-Zyoud, Sohrab Amiri, Mohammad Amrollahi-Sharifabadi, Ganiyu Adeniyi Amusa, Abhishek Anil, Carl Abelardo T. Antonio, Catherine M Antony, Iyadunni Adesola Anuoluwa, Boluwatife Stephen Anuoluwa, Jalal Arabloo, Ana Margarida Araújo, Irfan Ardani, Demelash Areda, Benedetta Armocida, Mahwish Arooj, Anton A Artamonov, Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi, Tahira Ashraf, Muhammad Shahzad Aslam, Seyyed Shamsadin Athari, Alok Atreya, Avinash Aujayeb, Lemessa Assefa A Ayana, Ahmed Y. Azzam, Nayereh Baghcheghi, Nasser Bagheri, Razieh Bahreini, Ruhai Bai, Atif Amin Baig, Maciej Banach, Mehmet Firat Baran, Mainak Bardhan, Hiba Jawdat Barqawiil, Amadou Barrow, Azadeh Bashiri, Mohammad-Mahdi Bastan, Babak Behnam, Maryam Bemanalizadeh, Amiel Nazer C Bermudez, Kebede A. Beyene, Akshaya Srikanth Bhagavathula, Sonu Bhaskar, Jasvinder Singh Bhatti, Gurjit Kaur Bhatti, Bagas Suryo Bintoro, Monirujjaman Biswas, Micheal Kofi Boachie, Archith Boloor, Guilherme Borges, Souad Bouaoud, Andre R. Brunoni, Richard A. Burns, Yasser Bustanji, Zahid A. Butt, Mehtap Çakmak Barsbay, Daniela Calina, Luis Alberto Cámera, Chao Cao, Angelo Capodici, Márcia Carvalho, Joao Mauricio Castaldelli-Maia, Giulio Castelpietra, Arthur Caye, Chiranjib Chakraborty, Rama Mohan Chandika, Jung‐Chen Chang, Vijay Kumar Chattu, Anis Ahmad Chaudhary, Dhun Chauhan, Akhilanand Chaurasia, Lingxiao Chen, Gerald Chi, Fatemeh Chichagi, Patrick R Ching, Jesus Lorenzo Chirinos-Caceres, Bryan Chong, Sonali G Choudhari, Scott R. Clark, Emanuele D’Amico, Omid Dadras, Xiaochen Dai, Samuel Demissie Darcho, Paul I. Dargan, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh Soltani, Daniel Demant, Emina Dervišević, Hardik Dineshbhai Desai, Keshab Deuba, Amol S. Dhane, Delaney D Ding, Sushil Dohare, Rajkumar Doshi, Ojas Prakashbhai Doshi, Robert Kokou Dowou, Senbagam Duraisamy, Ejemai Eboreime, Hisham Atan Edinur, Kristina Edvardsson, Aziz Eftekharimehrabad, Foolad Eghbali, Michael Ekholuenetale, Temitope Cyrus Ekundayo, Mohamed Ahmed Eladl, Rabie Adel El Arab, Ibrahim Farahat El Bayoumy, Muhammed Elhadi, Ibrahim Elsohaby, Farshid Etaee, Adewale Oluwaseun Fadaka, Omotayo Francis Fagbule, Ayesha Fahim, Ildar Fakhradiyev, Carla Sofia e Sá Farinha, André Faro, Ali Fatehizadeh, Alireza Feizkhah, Ginenus Fekadu, Allegra Ferrari, Nuno Ferreira, Getahun Fetensa, Florian Fischer, Ida Fitriana, Luisa S. Flor, Behzad Foroutan, Célia Fortuna Rodrigues, Matteo Foschi, Joseph Friedman, Takeshi Fukumoto, Péter Gaál, Abhay Motiramji Gaidhane, Aravind P. Gandhi, Balasankar Ganesan, Prem Gautam, Miglas Welay Gebregergis, Teferi Gebru Gebremeskel, Amha Admasie Gelaye, Genanew K. Getahun, Fataneh Ghadirian, Khalid Yaser Ghailan, Leila Ghalichi, Artyom Urievich Gil, Alem Abera Girmay, Ayman Grada, Shi‐Yang Guan, Mesay Dechasa Gudeta, Sasidhar Gunturu, Anish Gupta, Bhawna Gupta, Sapna Gupta, Roberth Steven Gutiérrez-Murillo, Rasool Haddadi, Dariush Haghmorad, Ahmad Hammoud, Senad Handanagić, Josep María Haro, Ahmed I Hasaballah, Md Saquib Hasnain, Khedidja Hedna, Mohammad Heidari, Kamal Hezam, Md. Anwer Hossain, Sorin Hostiuc, Mihaela Hostiuc, Chengxi Hu, Junjie Huang, Adalia Ikiroma, Mustapha Immurana, Arit Inok, Farideh Iravanpour, Lalu Muhammad Irham, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam, Md Rabiul Islam, Louis Jacob, Haitham Jahrami, Akhil Jain, Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun, Sanobar Jaka, Reza Jalilzadeh Yengejeh, Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe, Zixiang Ji, Mohammad Mehdi Johari Moghadam, Nitin Joseph, Charity Ehimwenma Joshua, Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak, K. Vaishali, Zubair Kabir, Vidya Kadashetti, Ebbie Kalan, Sivesh Kathir Kamarajah, Ashwin Kamath, Edmund Wedam Kanmiki, Kehinde Kazeem Kanmodi, Rami S. Kantar, Neeti Kapoor, Yeganeh Karimi, Salah Eddin Karimi, Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi, Gbenga Kayode, Himanshu Khajuria, Asaad Khalid, Mohammad Jobair Khan, Ajmal Khan, Khaled Khatab, Haitham Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad Khatatbeh, Manoj Khokhar, Zemene Demelash Kifle, Yun Jin Kim, Adnan Kısa, K. M. Shivakumar, Ali‐Asghar Kolahi, Hamid Reza Koohestani, Michal Koščík, Karel Kostev, Sindhura Lakshmi Koulmane Laxminarayana, Kewal Krishan, Varun Krishna, Vijay Krishnamoorthy, Yuvaraj Krishnamoorthy, Mohammed Kuddus, Nuworza Kugbey, Mukhtar Kulimbet, Dewesh Kumar, Rakesh Kumar, Manasi Kumar, Satyajit Kundu, Dian Kusuma, Evans F. Kyei, Frank Kyei-Arthur, Ville Kytö, Francesco Lanfranchi, Savita Lasrado, Long Khanh-Dao Le, Caterina Ledda, Seung Won Lee, Wei-Chen Lee, Samson Mideksa Legesse, Zhihui Li, Virendra S. Ligade, Jialing Lin, Erand ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4300-0433 Llanaj, Ashwini Lonimath, Giancarlo Lucchetti, Karsten Lunze, Mahmoud Mabrok, Mehrdad Mahalleh, Azeem Majeed, Deborah Carvalho Malta, Bishnu P. Marasini, Joemer C. Maravilla, Ramon Martinez-Piedra, Jose Martinez-Raga, Roy Rillera Marzo, Pallab K. Maulik, Jitendra Kumar Meena, Asim Mehmood, Hadush Negash Meles, Ritesh G. Menezes, Tuomo J Meretoja, Tomislav Meštrović, Peter Meylakhs, Irmina Maria Michałek, Ted R. Miller, Giuseppe Minervini, GK Mini, Andreea Mirică, Erkin M. Mirrakhimov, Prasanna Mithra, Babak Moazen, Nouh Saad Mohamed, Jama Mohamed, Shafiu Mohammed, Mustapha Mohammed, Syam Mohan, Ali H. Mokdad, Sabrina Molinaro, Lorenzo Monasta, Mohammad Ali Moni, AmirAli Moodi Ghalibaf, Yousef Moradi, Majid Motaghinejad, Rohith Motappa, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah, Sumaira Mubarik, Malaisamy Muniyandi, Yanjinlkham Munkhsaikhan, Sathish Muthu, Woojae Myung, Pirouz Naghavi, Mukhammad David Naimzada, Soroush Najdaghi, Shumaila Nargus, Delaram Narimani Davani, Gustavo G. Nascimento, Zuhair S. Natto, Javaid Nauman, Biswa Prakash Nayak, Vinod C. Nayak, Athare Nazri-Panjaki, Phuong The Nguyen, Ali Nikoobar, Vikram Niranjan, Lawrence Achilles Nnyanzi, Syed Toukir Ahmed Noor, Chisom Adaobi Nri-Ezedi, Ogochukwu Janet Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe Nzoputam, Bogdan Oancea, Kehinde Obamiro, Ismail A. Odetokun, Michael Safo Oduro, Akinyemi O. D. Ofakunrin, Sylvester Reuben Okeke, Gláucia Maria Moraes Oliveira, Yinka Doris Oluwafemi, Ahmed Omar Bali, Michal Ordak, Verner N. Orish, Esteban Ortiz‐Prado, Uchechukwu Levi Osuagwu, Amel Ouyahia, P. A. Mahesh, Jagadish Rao Padubidri, Raúl Felipe Palma-Álvarez, Sujogya Kumar Panda, Deepshikha Pande Katare, Ashok Pandey, Seithikurippu R. Pandi-Perumal, Georgios D. Panos, Ioannis Pantazopoulos, Paraskevi Papadopoulou, Shahina Pardhan, Utsav Parekh, Romil Parikh, Sungchul Park, Ava Pashaei, Roberto Passera, Sangram Kishor Patel, Jay Patel, Shankargouda Patil, Shrikant Pawar, Hamidreza Pazoki Toroudi, Amy E. Peden, Prince Peprah, Gavin Pereira, Maria Odete Pereira, Marcos Pereira, Simone Perna, Hoang Nhat Pham, Anil K. Philip, Michael R. Phillips, Evgenii Plotnikov, Ramesh Poluru, Akram Pourshams, Disha Prabhu, Elton Junio Sady Prates, Jagadeesh Puvvula, Ibrahim Qattea, Fakher Rahim, Sarvenaz Rahimibarghani, Afarin Rahimi-Movaghar, Muhammad Aziz Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Rahman, Mosiur Rahman, Amir Masoud Rahmani, Rayan Rajabi, Pushp Lata Rajpoot, Mahmoud Mohammed Ramadan, Majed Ramadan, Shakthi Kumaran Ramasamy, Nemanja Rancic, Smitha Rani, Ashkan Rasouli-Saravani, Devarajan Rathish, Santosh Kumar Rauniyar, Ilari Rautalin, David Laith Rawaf, Nazila Rezaei, Mohsen Rezaeian, Taeho Greg Rhee, Leonardo Roever, Ravi Rohilla, Moustaq Karim Khan Rony, Kevin T. Root, Allen Guy Patrick Ross, H. K. ROUT, Shubhanjali Roy, Guilherme de Andrade Ruela, Cameron John Sabet, Basema Ahmad Saddik, Masoumeh Sadeghi, Mohammad Reza Saeb, Umar Saeed, Rajesh Sagar, Amirhossein Sahebkar, Pragyan Monalisa Sahoo, S. Mohammad Sajadi, Mirza Rizwan Sajid, Afeez Abolarinwa Salami, Mohamed A. Saleh, Dauda Salihu, Giovanni A. Salum, Abdallah M. Samy, Milena M. Santric-Milicevic, Muhammad Arif Nadeem Saqib, Yaser Sarikhani, Sachin C. Sarode, Gargi Sachin Sarode, Maheswar Satpathy, Monika Sawhney, Mete Saylan, Austin E Schumacher, David C. Schwebel, Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie, Yashendra Sethi, Allen Seylani, Abubakar Sha’aban, Mohammad Shabani, Mahan Shafie, Amira A. Shaheen, Samiah Shahid, Moyad Shahwan, Masood Ali Shaikh, Alireza Shakeri, Sunder Sham, Mehran Shams-Beyranvand, Alfiya Shamsutdinova, Amin Sharifan, Javad Sharifi Rad, Manoj Sharma, Ujjawal Sharma, Vishal Sharma, Ali Sheidaei, Mahabalesh Shetty, Premalatha K. ShettyS, Pavanchand H Shetty, Aminu Shittu, Seyed Afshin Shorofi, Sunil Shrestha, Roman Shrestha, Emmanuel Edwar Siddig, Inga Dora Sigfusdottir, João Pedro Silva, L. A. Silva, Jasvinder A. Singh, Baljinder Singh, Paramdeep Singh, Harmanjit Singh, Surjit Singh, Valentin Yurievich Skryabin, Anna Aleksandrovna Skryabina, Farrukh Sobia, Matiwos Soboka, Soroush Soraneh, Joan B. Soriano, Ireneous N. Soyiri, Chandrashekhar T. Sreeramareddy, Dan J. Stein, Vetriselvan Subramaniyan, Muhammad Suleman, Vinay Suresh, Chandan Kumar Swain, Lukasz Szarpak, Payam Tabaee Damavandi, Rafael Tabarés‐Seisdedos, Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei, Mircea Tampa, Ker‐Kan Tan, Minale Tareke, Yonas Getaye Tefera, Reem Temsah, Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Masayuki Teramoto, Kavumpurathu Raman Thankappan, Tenaw Yimer Tiruye, Jovana Todorovic, Marco Torrado, Marcos Roberto Tovani-Palone, Thang Huu Tran, Nguyen Tran Minh Duc, Samuel Joseph Tromans, Alexander C. Tsai, Aristidis Tsatsakis, Evangelia Eirini Tsermpini, Abdul Rohim Tualeka, Munkhtuya Tumurkhuu, Aniefiok John Udoakang, Saeed Ullah, Atta Ullah, Asokan Govindaraj Vaithinathan, Jef Van den Eynde, Joe Varghese, Tommi Vasankari, Siavash Vaziri, Georgios-Ioannis Verras, Manish Vinayak, Isidora S Vujcic, Yasir Waheed, Mandaras Tariku Walde, Yuan‐Pang Wang, Shu Wang, Nuwan Darshana Wickramasinghe, Angga Wilandika, Zwanden Sule Yahaya, Renjulal Yesodharan, Dehui Yin, Paul Yip, Naohiro Yonemoto, Chuanhua Yu, Hadiza Yusuf, Fathiah Zakham, Aurora Zanghì, Mohammed G. M. Zeariya, Haijun Zhang, Jingya Zhang, Anthony Zhong, Bin Zhu, Magdalena Zielińska, Sa’ed H. Zyoud, Jae Il ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2326-1820 Shin, Dong Keon ; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1628-9948 Yon