Pregnancy as a Window into Brain Plasticity: A Systematic Review with Narrative Synthesis of Neuroanatomical, Neurobiological, and Functional Changes Associated with Motherhood

Résumé fourni par la source

Background: Pregnancy is a period of major brain adaptation, involving structural and functional changes that help women adjust to motherhood and support caregiving. Objective: To review current evidence on neuroplasticity during pregnancy and the postpartum period, focusing on brain changes, their biological basis, and their relevance for maternal mental health and nursing care. Methods: A systematic review with narrative synthesis was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement. The protocol was prospectively registered in PROSPERO (CRD420261376422). Searches were performed in PubMed, BVS, IBECS, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 2016 and 2026 in English or Spanish. Results: Of the 1722 records initially identified, 15 studies were included in the narrative synthesis after screening and quality assessment using the CASP checklists and SANRA scale. The evidence showed that pregnancy is associated with changes in grey and white matter, as well as in brain connectivity, particularly in regions involved in social cognition, emotional regulation, and maternal behavior. These changes, largely driven by hormonal fluctuations, may persist after childbirth and are associated with greater maternal sensitivity, stronger mother–infant bonding, and more effective caregiving. However, they may also increase vulnerability to perinatal mental health disorders. Conclusions: Pregnancy represents a critical period of neuroplasticity. A better understanding of these changes may improve perinatal care, support maternal mental health, and guide nursing interventions during the transition to motherhood.

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