Melodic Modulation of Pain and Cognition: Neurobehavioral Effects of Indian Classical Music in Mice

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Abstract Background Despite advances in pain management, effective analgesics in pain situations remain elusive. Opioids and non-opioids carry risks of neurotoxic and psychedelic effects with adverse physiological outcomes. Indian instrumental music (IIM) mitigates subacute pain by rewiring neurochemical synergy as an evidence-based, non-invasive, non-pharmacological system to mitigate pain. Objective Investigating therapeutic efficacy of IIM in mitigating subacute pain by analyzing behavioral, peripheral, and central neurochemical re-tuning. Methods Mice were divided into Control, Pain, Pain+Music, and Music groups. Pre-treatment behavioral parameters were compared with those observed after 14 days IIM exposure. Evaluations included nociceptive latencies (hot-plate/tail-flick), locomotion (Open Field Test), and anxiety (Elevated Plus Maze). Molecular analyses quantified peripheral neuropeptides (SP, NK-1R, CGRP), serum cortisol, spinal neurotrophic factor, neurotransmitters (glutamate, GABA, dopamine (DA), 5-HT), BDNF, and mRNA expression of BDNF, Ntrk1R/2R, and D1R in cortex, thalamus, hippocampus and hypothalamus. All procedures adhered to IAEC guidelines. Results IIM yielded 3.9-4.4-fold antinociceptive improvements, 3.3-fold locomotor restoration, and 3.6-4.9-fold anxiolysis. 14 days IIM exposure reduced peripheral nociceptive-neuropeptides 1.3-2.0-fold (SP, NK-1R, CGRP), serum cortisol 1.3-fold, and spinal glutamate, serotonin levels 1.5- and 1.3-fold. An enhanced expression of spinal GABA, DA about 1.5-fold, and BDNF by 1.3-fold was observed after music listening. Brain-region-specific differential mRNA-expression at cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus and hippocampus, revealed the neuromodulatory impact of rhythmic music in formalin-induced murine pain-model. Conclusion Gross reduction of pain parameters demonstrates therapeutic potential of IIM as multilevel neuromodulator to suppress the multidimensional stressor, pain, via peripheral desensitization, spinal E-I balance, and differential calibration of BDNF/Trk/D1R plasticity at specific brain-regions. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

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