Can Layered Oxide/Hard Carbon Sodium-Ion Pouch Cells Outperform LFP/Graphite Cells for Solar Duty Cycle Applications?

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This work evaluates O 3 -type layered oxide/hard carbon sodium-ion pouch cells (SIBs) against conventional LiFePO 4 (LFP)/graphite pouch cells under a realistic, constant-power solar-duty protocol across a temperature envelope of 20 °C to 55 °C. At elevated temperatures (40 °C and 55 °C), the SIBs exhibit superior capacity retention compared to the LFP baseline. Specifically, restricting the SIB operational window to a 3.8 V upper cut-off voltage mitigates irreversible structural phase transitions, yielding a remarkable 97% capacity retention after 500 d at 40 °C. However, despite this superior high-temperature capacity retention, a crossover in absolute deliverable energy does not occurring this time. Due to the underlying energy density disparity, the LFP cells continue to deliver substantially higher absolute energy throughout this time. Additionally, the LFP configurations exhibit virtually no polarization growth across all testing temperatures.

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