Pediatric developmental epileptic encephalopathies treated with cenobamate: Real‐world outcomes across etiologies, syndromes, and seizure types

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OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to assess cenobamate (CNB) effectiveness, tolerability, and dosing in pediatric developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs), testing prespecified hypotheses on response by syndrome, etiology, electroencephalographic pattern, seizure type, CNB dose (mg/kg/day), and concomitant medication. METHODS: A retrospective multicenter cohort of children (≤18 years old) with DEEs were treated with CNB at 17 Spanish hospitals. Primary outcomes were retention, response (≥50% reduction), and seizure freedom at 3, 6, and 12 months. Mixed-effects logistic and ordinal models were adjusted for age, syndrome, etiology, seizure type, and concomitant medication. RESULTS: Among 152 children (median age = 12 years), 27.6% had Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) and 58.6% unspecified DEE, with a median of 9 prior antiseizure medications. Retention was 88%, 90%, and 93% and responder rates 64%, 73%, and 79% at 3, 6, and 12 months; seizure freedom was 8%, 12%, and 18% (evaluable n = 152, 105, and 57 at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively). LGS and other DEEs reached identical 12-month responder rates (both 79%), whereas Dravet syndrome showed limited sustained benefit. By etiology, structural cases had the highest 12-month responder rate (93% vs. 68% in nonstructural, p = .04), but no etiology was independently associated with response. By seizure type, responder rates were highest for tonic (81%) and bilateral tonic-clonic (76%) and lowest for absences (54%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = .43, p = .032). Treatment-emergent seizure worsening occurred in 10.5%. Sodium channel blockers were the main risk factor for adverse events (OR = 2.10); 10.5% discontinued CNB due to adverse events. SIGNIFICANCE: CNB was associated with sustained effectiveness and acceptable tolerability across pediatric DEEs. Slow weight-based titration and proactive simplification of sodium channel blockers and clobazam may optimize benefit-risk.

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