Soft and Hard X-ray 1s and 2p Photoelectron Spectroscopy of La(TM)O3 (TM = Cr, Fe, Co)

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We present a comprehensive soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) investigation of LaCrO 3 , LaFeO 3 , and LaCoO 3 perovskite oxide thin films. Measurements at excitation energies of 1.8 keV (XPS), as well as 5.9 keV and 11.8 keV (HAXPES), yield consistent elemental compositions and chemical states, with differences in relative intensities reflecting variations in photoionization cross-sections and probing depth. The analysis of La 3 d and 4 d core levels highlights strong final-state hybridization effects and characteristic satellite structures associated with ligand-to-La charge transfer. Transition-metal (TM) 1 s and 2 p spectra reveal element-specific chemical shifts, spin–orbit splittings, and charge-transfer satellites, enabling quantitative comparison across the three perovskites. Valence-band spectra exhibit clear separation between the TM 3 d and oxygen 2 p states, consistent with previous reports. The valence-band and TM 1 s and 2 p core-level spectra are simulated within the dynamical mean-field theory (DMFT) framework combined with the Anderson impurity model.

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