Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul.

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Nectriaceae Tul. & C. Tul. [as ‘ Nectriei’], Select. fung. carpol. (Paris) 3: 3 (1865) Notes. Nectriaceae was established by Tulasne and Tulasne (1865) for the genus Nectria (Fr.) Fr. and was later accepted as a distinct family by Rossman et al. (1999) based on morphological characteristics. The sexual morphs of Nectriaceae are characterized by uniloculate ascomata that are yellow, orange, red, purple, or brown, and often exhibit color changes when treated with 3 % potassium hydroxide (KOH) or 100 % lactic acid (LA). These ascomata are globose to long-fusiform, with ellipsoid forms also occurring, and produce non-disarticulating ascospores (Rossman et al. 1999; Lombard et al. 2015; Zeng and Zhuang 2022; Perera et al. 2023). The asexual morphs are characterized by phialidic conidiogenous cells, producing aseptate to multi-septate conidia, which may be constricted at the septa or not, with or without distinct abscission scars; chlamydospores may be present or absent (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016; Perera et al. 2023). Species of Nectriaceae have been reported as saprobes, pathogens, or endophytes, and have been isolated from a wide range of substrates, including living and decaying wood material, soil, freshwater habitats, insects, fruiting bodies of other fungi, and various other materials across tropical and subtropical regions worldwide (Rossman et al. 1999; Morrison et al. 2021; Zeng and Zhuang 2022; Rissi et al. 2024). Species of Nectriaceae are of considerable importance in biotechnological, medicinal, commercial, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications (Abdel-Azeem et al. 2019; Peitl et al. 2020; Cleveland et al. 2021; Ibrahim et al. 2021; Perera et al. 2023). To date, 38 species belonging to eight genera of Nectriaceae have been reported from caves worldwide (Suppl. material 1: table S 2).

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