Trichoderma Pers.

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Trichoderma Pers., Neues Mag. Bot. 1: 92 (1794) Notes. Trichoderma was established by Persoon (1794), with T. viride as the type and only species retained from the original four (Zhao et al. 2023 b; Liu et al. 2025). It is now a large genus with over 500 accepted species, widely distributed in soil, decaying wood, plant leaves, bark, root systems, or other tissues, as well as in caves and even the human body (Zheng et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2024; Liu et al. 2025). Trichoderma species exhibit saprobic, endophytic, and parasitic lifestyles (Zheng et al. 2021; Zhao et al. 2023 b). Members are morphologically characterized by fast-growing colonies, branched conidiophores, flask-shaped phialides, and mostly green conidia (Bissett 1984; Zhao et al. 2023 b). Traditional identification relies on morphology; however, species are highly similar. Subsequently, multi-locus approaches have been widely accepted and applied to species identification in Trichoderma (Chaverri and Samuels 2003; Li et al. 2013; Zhu and Zhuang 2015; Zheng et al. 2021; Cao et al. 2022; Zhao et al. 2023 b). Recently, Cai and Druzhinina (2021) published an authoritative molecular identification framework for Trichoderma, supported by the International Trichoderma Commission (Cai and Druzhinina 2021; Zhao et al. 2023 b, 2024; Liu et al. 2025). At present, more than 500 species have been recognized across 13 clades in Trichoderma (Chaverri et al. 2015; Jaklitsch and Voglmayr 2015; Bustamante et al. 2021; Liu et al. 2025; Xiao et al. 2025). Ecologically and economically, Trichoderma species serve as biocontrol agents, plant growth promoters, and producers of enzymes and antibiotics; however, some strains are pathogenic to mushrooms and animals (Cao et al. 2024; Zeng et al. 2024; Zhao et al. 2024; Liu et al. 2025). Trichoderma is one of the most common genera found in caves, following Aspergillus and Penicillium, with 41 species reported to date from cave environments, including the newly described species reported in Hongsanan et al. (2025) and Liu et al. (2025). According to the standards of Cai and Druzhinina (2021), we introduced seven new species, viz. Trichoderma dehongense, T. hongheense, T. mangshiense, T. neogongcheniae, T. neopyramidale, T. nujiangense, T. yingjiangense, and one new host record in cave habitat.

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