Chaetomiaceae G. Winter

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Chaetomiaceae G. Winter [as ‘ Chaetomieae’], Rabenh. Krypt. - Fl., Edn 2 (Leipzig) 1.2: 153 (1885) Notes. Chaetomiaceae was established by Winter (1885), with Chaetomium as the type genus. Members of this family are cosmopolitan and occur mainly as saprobes on substrates such as dung, seeds, paper, plant debris, soil, air, and wood, but may also be endophytic, parasitic, mycoparasitic, or opportunistic human pathogens (Mehrabi et al. 2020). The family is characterized by ostiolate or non-ostiolate ascomata that are solitary or gregarious, superficial or immersed, and often covered with hairs or setae. Asci are clavate to cylindrical, pedicellate, and unitunicate, containing 4–8 ascospores; ascospores are brown to black at maturity, opaque, aseptate, thick-walled, smooth, and exhibit various shapes such as ellipsoidal, globose, subglobose, oval, fusiform, or triangular, usually with one and occasionally two germ pores (Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016). Numerous asexual morphs are associated with Chaetomiaceae, including Acremonium -, Botryotrichum -, Chrysonilia -, Chrysosporium -, Humicola -, Myceliophthora -, Scytalidium -, and Trichocladium - like forms (Mehrabi et al. 2020). To date, 49 species across 19 genera have been reported from caves (Suppl. material 1: table S 2).

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