Running technique, running-related injuries, and running economy: a qualitative system dynamics modelling approach

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Introduction: Running is popular worldwide and has multiple health benefits. Nevertheless, as a physiuotherapist, guiding runners through safe progression without increasing the risk for running-related injury (RRI) is a difficult task because of the multiple factors that are involved. The aim of this research is to create a comprehensive qualitative model mapping relevant factors to facilitate decision-making and coordinated future research efforts. Approach: A scoping review identifying relevant literature on causal relationships between running technique, RRI, and running economy (as indicator for performance) is being conducted. Then, an iterative process to generate a Causal Loop Diagram (CLD) will be launched, including expert interviews, group modelling sessions, and literature research. Finally, the CLD will be analysed to create a guide for physiotherapists, a roadmap for future research. Results: The scoping review is currently being conducted. The literature search has been completed, and article selection based on abstracts is currently ongoing. The scoping review is expected to be completed by September 2026. The data collection and CLD creation phases then begin. It is expected that the CLD will be analysed and an SFD will be created by mid-2027. Discussion: Running is complex. But to date, having an overview of all causal relationships between running technique, running economy, and RRI is impossible with the current state of the literature. This makes guiding runners through safe progression a highly difficult task for physiotherapists. The current research will help physiotherapists in their decision-making process, as well as researchers better coordinate their efforts in advancing the knowledge in the field of running.

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