Patterns and Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance of WHO Bacterial Priority Pathogens in Kenya: data from multi-site surveillance for the period 2021-2025

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Abstract Background Rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the African region contributes to high morbidity and mortality. Continuous national AMR surveillance is critical in understanding the spread of AMR and informing policies on containment. We present results of national AMR surveillance in Kenya Methods Passive surveillance was prospectively conducted in 20 sites in Kenya between 2021 and 2025. Sites included national and sub-national level tertiary public and private hospital laboratories. Non-duplicate isolates of WHO priority Gram-negative and Gram-positive pathogens were included in this analysis. Bacterial isolates were identified using either conventional identification methods, Analytical Profile Index or automated systems while antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method or automated systems and interpreted using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The primary outcomes were the proportions of various priority bacteria isolated and the proportions resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Results Between 2021 and 2025, there were 15,124 priority pathogens isolated with 7,592 (50.2%) from urine, 5,430 (35.9%) from blood (35.9%), and 1,784 (11.8%) from respiratory specimens. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae accounted for 76.3% of the priority pathogens. Resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins was 63.2% for Escherichia coli and 79.1% for Klebsiella pneumoniae for the period 2021 to 2025 while carbapenem-resistance was 30.4% for Klebsiella pneumoniae and 7.2% for Escherichia coli . Resistance to carbapenems by Klebsiella pneumoniae increased from 17.9% in 2021 to 35.9% in 2025 while Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus increased from 36.5% in 2021 to 56.4% in 2025. Conclusion Resistance to critical antibiotics is a significant problem in Kenya, with alarming rates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and carbapenem resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae . Ugent and sustained infection prevention and control measures and appropriate antimicrobial stewardship activities should be instituted across all health facilities in the country. There is need for improved access to antibiotics with activity against these resistant pathogens.

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