Ground‐Based Solar Radio Observations From the Mexican e‐Callisto Stations During the May 2024 Extreme Space Weather Events

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Abstract The period from 1 to 14 May 2024 was marked by some of the most intense solar activity of Solar Cycle 25, including multiple X‐class flares, fast coronal mass ejections (CMEs), and diverse solar radio emissions. We present observations from the Mexican e‐Callisto network (REC‐Mx), including long‐duration continuum emissions (CTMs), Type II bursts, and Type III bursts associated with major eruptive events. Three prolonged continuum events observed on 8–10 May 2024 were analyzed using polarization measurements from the MEXICO‐LANCE station. The degree of circular polarization showed similar behavior across 47–87 MHz, indicating stable emission conditions over the sampled coronal heights. Assuming fundamental plasma emission, the inferred coronal magnetic‐field strengths ranged from 1 to 16 G. The derived magnetic‐field decay indices cluster around –4, implying a radial dependence of with little sensitivity to the adopted coronal density model. In addition, REC‐Mx detected eight metric Type II bursts produced by CME‐driven shocks. Quantitative analysis of the Type II burst drift rates provided shock‐speed estimates for representative events. Numerous Type III bursts tracing the escape of energetic electrons along open magnetic field lines were also observed. Several events exhibited concurrent Type II and Type III activity, indicating simultaneous shock‐related and flare‐related particle acceleration. The inferred magnetic‐field strengths and decay indices agree with previous studies of the metric corona. These observations demonstrate the scientific and operational value of REC‐Mx within the global e‐Callisto network by providing near‐real‐time diagnostics of coronal magnetic conditions, particle acceleration, and CME‐driven shocks relevant to space‐weather monitoring.

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