Technoeconomic Analysis of Energy Storage Technologies Applicable to Solar Off‐Grid Systems: A Review

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This study addresses a critical gap in the literature: a lack of comprehensive and consolidated reviews on existing energy storage technologies and their suitability for various applications. This study investigated the major classes and types of energy storage systems, examining their characteristics, functional principles, and practical applications. This study seeks to answer the question: What energy storage technologies provide better technoeconomic benefits for solar minigrid applications? This study presents a multicriteria decision approach (MCDA) technoeconomic framework, developed to evaluate selected energy storage technologies applicable to solar microgrids. The results reveal that lithium‐ion batteries, redox flow, and flywheel energy storage systems achieved the highest performance index of 2.53, 2.34, and 2.29, respectively, highlighting their strong suitability for decentralized energy systems. Although from a cost weighting perspective, flywheel and lithium‐ion storage technologies demonstrate low performance with 0.08 due to their relatively high capital cost, while flow batteries show relatively better cost performance of 0.16, indicating their relatively stronger economic potential in this application context. In contrast, pumped hydro and lead‐acid batteries exhibited lower efficiency but remain technically viable for off‐grid systems, while supercapacitors, despite their high‐power density, scored lowest due to limited storage duration and poor economic feasibility. Overall, the study advances existing work by providing a clear, quantitative, and adaptable decision support tool that captures the trade‐offs between efficiency and cost, guiding optimal technology selection for solar microgrid applications. This work directly aligns with the UN′s Sustainable Development Goals, specifically SDG 7 (affordable and clean energy), by supporting quantitatively informed decision‐making for reliable, cost‐effective, and sustainable energy access in off‐grid and underserved regions.

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