A database and outline of macrofungi with comparative genomic insights

Résumé fourni par la source

Macrofungi, although not a formal taxonomic group, comprise ecologically and economically important fungi characterized by conspicuous fruiting bodies. Despite major advances in fungal systematics, a dedicated and integrated classification framework for macrofungi has remained unavailable. Here, we present a hierarchical outline of macrofungal genera and establish MTSEM (Macrofungal Taxonomic System and Economic Mushrooms, https://nmdc.cn/macrofungi/), a continuously updated database integrating taxonomic, genomic, biodiversity resource, and economic trait information. The current outline recognizes 1,982 macrofungal genera distributed across two phyla, five subphyla, 15 classes, 49 orders, and 247 families. MTSEM is a macrofungi-centered resource built upon a comprehensive Dikarya-wide taxonomic backbone and currently integrates data for 9,943 fungal genera, 142,349 species, 20,633 genomes, together with extensive specimen, strain, publication, and patent records. Phylogenomic analyses of 829 fungal genomes supported the proposed classification and revealed that macrofungi are concentrated primarily within Agaricomycetes and Pezizomycetes. Comparative genomic analyses further showed that macrofungi possess larger genomes, higher gene content, fewer horizontally transferred genes, expanded biosynthetic gene cluster repertoires, and greater enrichment of regulatory and developmental functions than microfungi. These results suggest distinct evolutionary strategies associated with multicellular development and ecological specialization in macrofungi. MTSEM provides a comprehensive and continuously updated resource for macrofungal taxonomy, systematics, biodiversity research, and resource utilization.

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