Improved visualization and segmentation of the choroid plexus using double inversion recovery MRI

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Abstract Background Choroid plexus (CP) volume is an emerging magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) biomarker in various disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, clinical translation is hindered by methodological heterogeneity and inconsistent anatomical coverage. Double inversion recovery (DIR) – a sequence providing dual-tissue suppression – is a promising candidate to improve CP segmentation. Methods The dataset included 93 scans across healthy subjects and individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS), divided into a training set ( n = 63), an internal test set ( n = 20), and an external test set ( n = 10). First, relative CP signal intensity and tissue contrast ratios on DIR were compared against fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T1-weighted (T1w) sequences (pre- and post-contrast). Reproducibility of manual CP segmentations was assessed via intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Subsequently, we developed a 3D nnU-Net model for CP segmentation based on manually labeled DIR masks. Model performance was evaluated against manual segmentation using spatial overlap and volumetric error metrics. Finally, we compared our DIR-based model against three publicly available T1w- or FLAIR-based tools by assessing slice-wise volume distributions and voxel-wise density maps. Results DIR demonstrated the highest CP signal intensity and most consistent tissue contrast among evaluated MRI sequences ( p < 0.001). Intra- and inter-rater agreement for manual CP segmentations was robust (ICC = 0.92 and 0.83, respectively). The trained nnU-Net achieved high internal accuracy (Dice = 0.82) independent of scanner, diagnosis, or absolute CP volume, and generalized well to the external test set (Dice = 0.75). Compared to public T1w- and FLAIR-based models, DIR-based approaches (nnU-Net and manual) yielded significantly larger CP volumes ( p < 0.01). Axial volume distribution analysis attributed this difference to a distinct bimodal profile in DIR segmentations, more fully capturing the CP inside the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle ( p < 0.001 against T1w- and FLAIR-based models). Conclusions By leveraging the superior tissue contrast of DIR, our nnU-Net model achieves highly accurate CP segmentation that generalizes across scanners and captures the inferior extent of the C-shaped structure often missed by conventional models. This may improve standardization of CP volumetry and allow for more reliable studies in CNS disorders.

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