Vertical Wind‐Pressure Covariance and its Vertical Gradient in Atmospheric Boundary Layers From Large Eddy Simulations

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Abstract Atmospheric wind‐pressure covariances (e.g., vertical wind‐pressure covariance, ) affect boundary‐layer energetics and pressure‐related corrections, yet their sign and vertical structure are inconsistently reported. Here, we use a regime‐spanning suite of large‐eddy simulations to quantify how the stability, surface roughness, and wind speed control and its vertical gradient, and to test the sensitivity to common preprocessing choices (high‐pass filtering and time lag adjustments). Across convective, neutral, and weakly stable conditions, is predominantly negative, whereas it becomes positive in strongly stable cases. In the convective boundary layer, stability is the primary control on , whereas in the neutral and stable regimes, friction velocity is more influential. The gradient remains negative, strongest near the surface, and approaches zero aloft. We propose compact predictive formulas and show that preprocessing can materially alter the inferred sign and magnitude, helping to reconcile prior discrepancies.

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