Anti-microbial and anti-fungal efficacy of 2% alexidine, chloroquick, and propolis against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilms: An in vitro study

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Aim: To evaluate and compare the anti-microbial and anti-fungal efficacy of 2% alexidine, Chloroquick, and propolis against mature Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilms in an ex vivo root canal model.Material and Methods: Ninety-two extracted, single-rooted mandibular premolars were chemomechanically prepared. 46 canals were infected with Enterococcus faecalis, and the other 46 with Candida albicans and incubated for 21 days. Each microbial group was divided into four subgroups (n = 10) corresponding to 2% alexidine, chloroquick, propolis, and saline. After 5 minutes of intracanal contact, dentinal shavings were collected, and colony-forming units (CFU/mL) were converted to log10 values. Pre- and post-irrigation values were compared using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post hoc correction.Results: Baseline counts were comparable across all subgroups. All test irrigants achieved significantly greater reductions than saline (p < 0.001). Mean log10 CFU/mL reductions for E. faecalis were: alexidine (1.128 ± 0.038), chloroquick (1.061 ± 0.009), propolis (1.028 ± 0.012), and saline (0.012 ± 0.009). Corresponding values for C. albicans were 1.114 ± 0.045, 1.053 ± 0.009, 1.023 ± 0.017, and 0.011 ± 0.009. Alexidine outperformed both chloroquick and propolis against each organism. Chloroquick was significantly more effective than propolis against E. faecalis but not against C. albicans.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this in vitro model, 2% alexidine demonstrated the greatest antibacterial and anti-fungal efficacy against E. faecalis and C. albicans biofilms, followed by Chloroquick and propolis. Alexidine merits further evaluation as an adjunct or alternative to chlorhexidine-based irrigation protocols.

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