Comprehensive characterization of Araucaria heterophylla leaf essential oil and its antioxidant properties: A GC–MS/NMR-based characterization combined with antioxidant synergy modeling
Le résumé fourni par la source
Essential oil (EO) derived from ornamental and medicinal plants are a valuable resource for bioactive terpenoids with substantial pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications. The present work provided (i) a comprehensive characterization of Araucaria heterophylla leaves EO thorough combination of GC-MS and advanced 1D/2D NMR analysis, (ii) antioxidant potential evaluation of this oil via in vitro DPPH, ABTS and reducing power procedures, and (iii) assessment of the EO’s main components interactions via response surface analysis and componential synergy modeling. A colorless, fragrant oil was obtained during hydrodistillation. The complex terpenoid composition was characterized to be dominated by α-pinene (45.30%), followed by cis-verbenol (10.11%), D-limonene (4.43%), α-copaene (4.04%), and phyllocladane (3.14%). The NMR spectra showed clear olefinic and aliphatic resonances that were in line with the mono-, sesqui-, and diterpene structures seen in oils of the different Araucaria plants. Antioxidant activity of the oil demonstrated moderate potency with IC50 values of 642.04, 624.79, and 675.59 μL/L, respectively, comparing with quercetin. Synergy modeling results suggested interactions between the key components, especially between α-pinene and cis-verbenol (synergy index 1.15), which may contribute to the antioxidant effectiveness through radical stabilization and complementary hydrogen donations. Current findings provide new insights into the possible antioxidant mechanisms and synergetic terpenoid interactions of chemically characterized A. heterophylla EO, supporting its potential as a natural source of bioactive metabolites and advancing knowledge for its functional and chemotaxonomic significance.
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