Transitioning to Industry 4.0: an expert-based assessment of critical success factors in large manufacturing companies in Brazil

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Paper aims This study evaluates the readiness of large Brazilian manufacturing companies (LBMCs) for Industry 4.0 (I4.0) transition by assessing the extent to which critical success factors (CSFs) are addressed to enable digital transformation. Originality Moving beyond technology-centered perspectives, this paper advances the literature by examining technical-managerial readiness for I4.0 transition within an emerging economy. It reframes CSFs as organizational capabilities and shifts the analytical focus from factor identification to their implementation and institutional embedding. Research method A survey was conducted with twenty experts in the Brazilian manufacturing sector. The collected data were analyzed using a multicriteria decision-making approach suitable for information-constrained environments, and interpreted through a capability- and socio-technical lens. Main findings Most experts classify LBMCs as either superficially (35%) or reasonably (60%) prepared for I4.0 transition. Strategic–governance factors show comparatively higher levels of institutionalization, whereas organizational and technological capabilities remain less consolidated. Implications for theory and practice This study advances knowledge by reconceptualizing CSFs as organizational capabilities and shifting the analytical focus from factor identification toward their implementation and institutionalization within large manufacturing firms in emerging economies. It provides practical guidance for managers and policymakers to strengthen governance, workforce development, and coordinated digital transformation efforts.

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