Association of Pulp Stones With Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of Mineralization‐Related Genes in Orthodontically Treated Patients: A Cross‐Sectional Study

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Aims The current evidence suggests that the formation of pulp stones (PS) has a genetic background. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the association between PS in orthodontically treated patients and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the mineralization‐related genes ( bone morphogenetic protein 2 [ BMP2] , BMP4 , SMAD6 , and runt-related transcription factor 2 [ RUNX2] ). Materials and Methods This cross‐sectional study analyzed genomic DNA and panoramic radiographs from patients with a history of orthodontic treatment. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed and PS were identified as well‐ or poorly defined radiopaque opacities located within the pulp chamber of the maxillary and mandibular first and second permanent molars. Genomic DNA obtained from all participants was analyzed. The genetic analysis focused on seven specific SNPs located in genes involved in mineralization pathways: BMP2 (rs235768 and rs1005464), BMP4 (rs17563), SMAD6 (rs3934908 and rs2119261), and RUNX2 (rs59983488 and rs1200425). Comparisons of allele and genotype (codominant, dominant, and recessive models) distributions between patients with and without PS were performed using the chi‐square test. Logistic regression analyses were performed to control for potential confounders such as age and sex for the SNPs located in the RUNX2 gene. One‐way ANOVA was applied to evaluate differences in the mean number of teeth with PS across genotypes. The significance level was established at α = 0.05. Results The final sample comprised 235 patients: 120 presented with PS, and 115 served as controls. For the SNP rs59983488 in RUNX2 , a statistical association was observed for genotype distribution in the dominant model ( p = 0.033) and for allele distribution ( p = 0.022). For the SNP rs1200425 in RUNX2 , a statistical association was observed for genotype distribution in the recessive model ( p = 0.046; odds ratio [OR] = 2.0, confidence interval [CI] 95% 1.0–3.8). No statistically significant association was observed in the logistic regression analysis. Conclusion Our study suggests that RUNX2 could have a small effect on the susceptibility of orthodontic patients to develop PS.

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